Do interactive media change socialisation Essay

Do interactive media change socialisation - Essay Example Interactive media have introduced new modes of socialization. In order to understand the role of interactive media in changing socialization it would be necessary to refer primarily to the context of interactive media, as a modern way of communication. Traditionally, media were used for informing the public on a series of issues. In other words, in their initial form media promoted the one-way communication with the public. However, through the Internet, the role of the media changed; this change was combined with the appearance of interactive media, a common form of media in countries worldwide. More specifically, Internet introduced the two-way communication with the public, a feature that is particularly valuable for the development of commercial transactions, but also for other activities, as analytically explained below. Before examining the relationship between interactive media and socialization, it would be necessary to present the context of socialization as an element of so cieties with different cultural and social characteristics. In accordance with Andersen et al. ‘socialization is the process by which human beings learn the social expectations of society’.... Before examining the relationship between interactive media and socialization, it would be necessary to present the context of socialization as an element of societies with different cultural and social characteristics. In accordance with Andersen et al. (2007) ‘socialization is the process by which human beings learn the social expectations of society’ (Andersen et al. 2007, p.107). It is also explained that the power of socialization is significant, being able to affect the behavior and the perceptions of people at different social levels. Socialization is closely related to the social environment of each individual; in fact, socialization is depended on the activities of various persons or groups of people, that are known as ‘socialization agents’ (Andersen et al. 2007, p.107); the most common socialization agents are the following ones: ‘the family, the media, the sports and the school’ (Andersen et al. 2007, p.107). In accordance with Milne et al. (1999) socialization is one of the key human needs – along with information and entertainment needs; reference is made to the needs of humans as members of a society and not to the needs related to the survival. In the context of their socialization needs, humans are likely to develop conversations with their friends. Interactive media changed the above mode of socialization in the following way: through the chat rooms people can discuss not just to their friends but also to unknown people from all over the planet (Milne et al. 1999, p.138). This means that anonymity is not anymore a barrier for discussing personal issues. The above alteration of socialization has been negatively criticized as setting important

To investigate the resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

To investigate the resistance of a wire Essay In this experiment the factor to be investigated is the resistance of a wire in a circuit when the wires length is altered. This means that all other factors must stay the same or else this would not be a fair test. I am going to investigate how different lengths of wire affect the resistance in a circuit. I am using a voltmeter and an ammeter to measure the current in the circuit after the length of wire is changed. I am going to use five different lengths of wire and in order to make sure that this is a fair test and the results are accurate, I will repeat each experiment three times and work out the average. The results will not be completely accurate as the length of wire may not be accurate. I also may not have put the voltage on the power box exactly on the right voltage. Other factors that affect the rate of reaction are Electricity. When the electricity is increased, the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter immediately change. If by accident anyone touches the knob on the power pack, the electricity given out into the circuit changes, therefore making the experiment unfair. I will work out resistance in Ohms by using Ohms Law, which is: V=IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance) The whole experiment must be as fair as possible. I will measure out the wire correctly and keep the power pack on the same voltage, in order to keep it a fair test. I will also repeat each experiment three times to make sure it is accurate. I will then draw the graph using the averages. Prediction I predict that the longer the wire is, the more resistant it will be. I. e. If the wire is 5cm, more electricity will get through the circuit than if it were a 45cm piece, at the same voltage. This is because in a long length of wire, there is more space for the electrons to move and so the more times the free electrons will collide with other free electrons. In a short length of wire, the electrons are close together and have a lower collision rate than those in a long piece of wire. This theory is backed up by Ohms law, which Apparatus Method   Collect Apparatus as shown in diagram.   Set up apparatus as shown.   Make sure power pack is set to 3v.   Measure out 15cm of wire. Clip the crocodile clips onto each end of the measured length of wire. Turn on the power pack.   Look at readings on Ammeter and Voltmeter and write down results.   Re measure and repeat two more times before moving on to next experiment.   Work out average of each experiment and use that in the graph. Safety To keep myself and others around me safe, the following should be followed: Not do this experiment near water, as people could get electrocuted. People should not touch the wire while the experiment is taking place as it could be hot and it could burn them. Girls with long hair should tie it back as they may knock something over with their hair. Results Experiment 1 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 1Experiment 2 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 30cmExperiment 3 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter. 17 Experiment 5 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 75cm 0. 23 3. 23 75cm 0. 21 3. 22 75cm 0. 22 3. 23 I have worked out the averages of each experiment with a calculator to one decimal place. Here are the averages of each experiment: Wire (cm) Averages of Ammeter readings Averages of Voltmeter readings 15cm 0. 85 2. 65 30cm 0. 49 2. 96 45cm 0. 34 3. 08 60cm 0. 26 3. 16 75cm 0. 22 3. 20 Using the averages from the experiments, I have worked out the resistance of the wire. This is shown on the graph. Wire (cm) Averages of Resistance (Ohms). Conclusions My results agree with my prediction. When the length of wire is longer, there is more space for the electrons to move through the wire, therefore there is a higher chance of them colliding with each other and creating resistance. I have also seen that, through the course of the experiments, the Ammeter readings decrease, and the voltmeter readings increase. Evaluation My experiments all went well, except the Graph shows that the results are close to perfect apart from the last experiment. I noticed that through the course of the experiments, the Voltmeter readings seem to get higher in value and the Ammeter readings seem to decrease. If I had more time, I would have done the experiments more times each for a fairer test. I would also use more accurate and new equipment, as the equipment I used has been used many times before and may not measure the resistance perfectly. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Exemplification Essay: Anorexia Nervosa :: Expository Exemplification Essays

People who intentionally starve themselves suffer from an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa. The disorder, which usually begins in young people around the time of puberty, involves extreme weight loss--at least 15 percent below the individual's normal body weight. Many people with the disorder look emaciated but are convinced they are overweight. Sometimes they must be hospitalized to prevent starvation. Deborah developed anorexia nervosa when she was 16. A rather shy, studious teenager, she tried hard to please everyone. She had an attractive appearance, but was slightly overweight. Like many teenage girls, she was interested in boys but concerned that she wasn't pretty enough to get their attention. When her father jokingly remarked that she would never get a date if she didn't take off some weight, she took him seriously and began to diet relentlessly--never believing she was thin enough even when she became extremely underweight. Soon after the pounds started dropping off, Deborah's menstrual periods stopped. As anorexia tightened its grip, she became obsessed with dieting and food, and developed strange eating rituals. Every day she weighed all the food she would eat on a kitchen scale, curing solids into minuscule pieces and precisely measuring liquids. She would then put her daily ration in small containers, lining them up in neat rows. She also exercised compulsively, even after she weakened and became faint. She never took an elevator if she could walk up steps. No one was able to convince Deborah that she was in danger. Finally, her doctor insisted that she be hospitalized and carefully monitored for treatment of her illness. While in the hospital, she secretly continued her exercise regimen in the bathroom, doing strenuous routines of situps and knee-bends. It took several hospitalizations and a good deal of individual and family outpatient therapy for Deborah to face and solve her problems. Deborah's case in not unusual. People with anorexia typically starve themselves, even though they suffer terribly from hunger pains. One of the most frightening aspects of the disorder is that people with anorexia continue to think they are overweight even when they are bone-thin. For reasons not yet understood, they become terrified of gaining any weight.

Bronwyn Oliver Case Study

What distinctive individual views and features can be seen in the work? A very abstract way of art. A very modernized and unusual interpretation of a unicorn. Oliver was interested in structural formation, in the principles of ‘spiraling, wrapping, binding, swelling, expanding and stretching 2. How does the work attempt to express the personal views of the Artist? The artwork automatically portrays that the artist likes to play around with her artworks, and doesn't make them in an ordinary manner. It shows us the abstract and unusual side to art. What new media is being used in a new and innovative way? Oliver used a variety of materials, including paper, resin, tissue, fiberglass, hair, copper and aluminum. The ethereal impression and supple curves of her objects belie the inherent qualities of their materials and the intensive process of their production. Artworks: 1 . Does this artwork create a connection with ideas or themes between the artist and the audience? It certainly creates a connection, perhaps a mythical one. The audience is left with questions, they're left wanting more. This is what abstract art is. 2.What re the ideas being conveyed by this artwork? Oliver's sculpture suggests a passage from one place to another, a Journey from a material dimension into an imaginative, other world. 3. How are the artworks shaped by the contemporary technology? Contemporary technology for example would be phones and computers etc. These new forms of technology have definitely shaped contemporary art. If I wanted to see Bronzy Oliver's artworks, I'd simply go on Google images and I could see them all, without having to go see it in person. Everything can be viewed over this new contemporary technology.World: 1 . How have contemporary or historical events influenced the approach the artist has taken towards the work? The materials which are used in the artwork are materials which haven't been used, towards the end of the 20th century, many new art forms came about such as; Environmental art, abstract art, street art etc. 2. How are beliefs and understood concepts being supported by the artwork or questioned by the artwork? The concept that Bronzy Oliver uses is quite an understood one, she makes sculptures out of known materials, which are also popular amongst other artists. . How have new advances in technology, scientific discoveries or medical procedures influenced the artwork? Well unicorns obviously aren't around today. Many question whether they ever were here? She is giving us the chance to view the unicorn in a completely different form, perhaps her interpretation of a unicorn. 4. How does the artwork express the new mood in society or the world? It raises the question of â€Å"are unicorns real† Bronzy Oliver I believe, liked unicorns and Just wanted us to view it in her way.Audience: 1 . How could the audience be alarmed or disturbed by the artwork? Perhaps the efferent interpretation of a unicorn could be quite distur bing or even scary. Or the abstract manner the artwork is made in. But I don't believe this artwork is alarming or disturbing. 2. What views do you think critics have formed with the work? Critics may be amazed with the way she has made her artwork, the materials which she has incorporated and her interpretation off unicorn. 3. How do you think historians may view this work?Because her artwork is about a â€Å"passage from one place to another, a journey from a material dimension into an imaginative, other world† historians might IEEE this meaning as much modernized. A view which could only have come from the late 20th century when there was an artistic revolution. 4. How do you think the general public responds to the work? I'd believe that they be amazed by the artwork. The time and effort it took to make this modernized unicorn. I also believe they be amazed with the meaning behind it, a truly amazing artwork.Question: Referring to this ‘case study Artist, name one o r two frames which best describe the viewpoint of the artist. Describe why you believe this (or these) Frames best describes sews the artist has to create the works. Give Examples of three works in your explanation. Unicorn 1984 – Bronzy Oliver's sculpture can best be described with the structural frame. It is of organic forms which twist and turn to convey a quiet energy. The delicate friction between surface and depth breathes life into her objects: dense surfaces with translucent and vital interiors of air and light.Her objects are often sphere-like with hollow spaces or openings – openings which lead to somewhere else, devolving from where they started. In the exchange between these aspects, Oliver's sculpture suggests a passage from one place to another, a Journey from a material dimension into an imaginative, other world. Oliver used a variety of materials, including paper, resin, tissue, fiberglass, hair, copper and aluminum. The ethereal impression and supple c urves of her objects belie the inherent qualities of their materials and the intensive process of their production.As a result copper appears lithe, its resiliency creatively subverted. Comet II 1988 – This artwork is best described with the subjective and cultural frame. The intricately woven copper form of ‘Comet II' represents a seminal shift in Bronzy Oliver's early practice. Exhibited in the artist's self-titled show at Rosily Cooley Gallery in 1988, this work is one of the earliest instances of Oliver's craftsmanship with copper, having previously sculpted with materials such as paper, cane and fiberglass.The work is a stunning example of what would become the artist's signature practice; the painstaking manipulation of copper into elegant, deceptively simple forms which echo the organic shapes of plant and sea life. While this sculpture undoubtedly evokes the idiosyncratic structure of a Jellyfish, the title of the ark sends our imaginings in a dual direction: no t only to the depths of the ocean, but also to the outer reaches of the universe. In titling the work ‘Comet II' the artist complicates the way that we initially see the artwork, pulling into focus the fabulous ambiguity and infinite possibilities of Oliver's forms.Dirigible 1989 – This artwork is best described using the structural frame. The easy, voluptuous curves of the work disguises the painstaking nature of the artist's process; twisting and welding the pliant copper wire to create the intricate metal weave. The microcosmic, complex surface of the work is an interface between the elegant form of the sculpture's overall shape and the internal cavity or void where the sculpture breathes. It is at once fragile and forbidding; crafted from metal and yet seemingly weightless.Bronzy Oliver alludes to these intriguing tensions in the title of the work ‘Dirigible' – a term for a blimp, or airship supported by its own buoyancy. The three dimensional presence of this work is so demanding that even the shadow that it produces is outstanding. Practice: 1 . Name the work and the artist. Describe the steps you believe the artist has taken to create their work. Comet II 1988, by Bronzy Oliver. This is an artwork which has been made from intricately woven copper in the form of a comet II.An artwork like this would have taken great effort, to weave copper. The steps I believe which were taken would be, the idea of making something. She first would have had to come up with something, then she'd have to decide what materials she was going to use, which in this case was copper. And then the technique she'd use to make it which in this case was also weaving. 2. List the media the artist has used and discuss how this is important to the overall effect. The media Bronzy Oliver has used is copper, and the technique she chose was weaving.Perhaps to show the intricacy of the artwork. Or to purely show what she could do. This adds sophistication to the a rtwork and the overall effect. 3. Describe the process the artist has used? The steps I believe Bronzy Oliver would have taken would be, firstly an idea of what to make. She would have had to come up with something, then she'd have to decide what materials she was going to use, which in this case was copper. And then the technique she'd use to make it which in this case was also weaving. 4. Name the new technologies used by this artist.Use examples of artworks to help describe this. Her artworks were generally crafted from patented copper and bronze. Their fragile appearance, which transcends the robust and industrial character of their material, belies a strength that is often based on successful geometry found in nature such as tubes, spirals and membranes, this is shown in the artwork â€Å"unicorn†, and also in â€Å"comet II†. Essay: â€Å"Explain how Bronzy Oliver maintains a strong personal relationship with her artworks. You must refer to specific works in you r essay' Use three works.Bronzy Oliver definitely maintains a strong personal relationship with her artworks, this is portrayed with the meaning of each artwork. Every artwork that she makes displays her own views, and each one was made for a reason. The three works which display her strong personal relationship are; Survivor 1988, Lunar 2001 and Swathe 1997. Bronzy Oliver's artwork Survivor 1988, is an example of how strong a relationship she withheld with her artworks. Oliver's mysterious copper sculpture is like a relic covered from an archaeological dig.The year this work was produced the artist held a solo exhibition at Rosily Cooley Gallery titled ‘Objects From Another Time', and it is clear from the title ‘Survivor' that Oliver also intended this sculpture to invoke a mythical history. By transforming the surface of the copper with a blue and green patina, the artist creates the illusion of the ancient past, reminiscent of a Bronze Age relic. In 1988 Oliver was ar tist-in-residence in the French city of Brest where she researched the metal work techniques of the Cells.It was their traditions that turned ere onto the creation of spiral structures in her work, which is evident in the conch- like form of ‘Survivor'. Oliver's strong personal relationship is also portrayed through the artwork Lunar 2001 , where she has once again twisted and turned the copper into a circular shape, with many complex designs on the outside. Amanda Rowel explains â€Å"The microcosmic, complex surface of an Oliver sculpture is an interface between the macro form of its overall shape and the internal cavity or void where the sculpture breathes.The ease of connection between these three formal aspects of her works long with their gently mimetic character – as alluded by their titles – constitute their elegance and simple pleasure. † This portrays that Bronzy Oliver looks to her artworks almost as living things, her connection goes far beyond that of artist and artwork. The third artwork which resembles that strong connection between artist and artwork is Swathe 1997. She wanted her own works to spark the imagination of viewers in the same way as poetry, simultaneously distilling an essence whilst opening doors to multiple interpretations.The artwork Swathe sparked the imagination of viewers through its intricate webbing and meshing which required extraordinary technical virtuosity involving the manipulation of materials such as copper wire, bronze and aluminum, in this case Just woven copper. Rather than mimicking or abstracting nature, her works suggest a profound interest in the timeless forms of geometry occurring in the natural world. Some may argue whether she's an environmental artist, with a passion for nature. In conclusion, with reference to the three artworks. An obvious relationship is portrayed, this is shown through the complex meanings of each artwork, and the

Observation Log 2 Language Development Education Essay

The following theory I considered in my observation is the linguistic communication developmental theory and the theories are those by Chomsky, Piaget and Vygotsky. I believe linguistic communication is an of import portion in human development because it a major medium of societal interaction. Harmonizing to Beckett and Taylor ( ) , the vocabulary of kids between the ages of 3 to 6 expands from 2 word sentence to more complex sentences. They believe that as the kids ‘s vocabulary addition, they learn the regulations of grammar and they become able to utilize different signifiers of words. Whilst I was detecting Eva, I noticed that most of the clip she responded with non verbal communicating and it made me more interested on how linguistic communication develops. Chomsky ( 1957 ) believed that sentences are routinely created practically every clip. He believed that we have internal regulations that enable us to make up one's mind which sentences are grammatical correct and convey our intended significances. Chomsky believed that kids have unconditioned abilities, a familial plan to larn linguistic communication and one time they begin to hear linguistic communication around them, they automatically understand the construction of that linguistic communication. He argued that this is because of the biological temperaments, encephalon development and cognitive preparedness. His theory emphasises the demand for linguistic communication in the environment to excite kids ‘s innate abilities. ( Crain 2005 ) Vygotsky identified four different phases of address development which are the crude, naif psychological phase from 2 to 4 old ages. The kid in this phase is get downing to gain that words are symbols for objects. They have a great wonder as to what objects are called. Followed by the egoistic or private address phase from 4 to 7 old ages. Children frequently talk aloud to themselves as they perform undertakings or work out jobs in this phase of development. This private address is the kid ‘s presentation of their thought. And in conclusion the in growing or interior speech phase from 8 old ages on. During this phase the kids ‘s private address diminutions and becomes much more internalised. They solve jobs in their caputs or utilizing interior address, nevertheless you will hear people utilizing private address when faced with unusual or complex jobs ( Nixon and Aldwinckle, 2003 ) . continues until kids reach school age. Piaget and Chomsky both agreed that kids are non moulded by the external environment but spontaneously create mental constructions. Chomsky believed that kids automatically create grammatical signifiers harmonizing to the familial design and in contrast, Piaget emphasised on genetically controlled development and believed that cognitive constructions emerge from the kid ‘s ain attempt to cover with and do sense of the universe. Chomsky besides believed that linguistic communication is a extremely specialized mental module that develops fairy independently from other signifiers of knowledge and kids learn an intricate grammatical system about wholly on their ain. However, Piaget viewed linguistic communication as more closely related to general cognitive development. Piaget besides suggested that between the ages of 2 and 6, thin Harmonizing to Piaget ‘s theory, kids are born with basic action scheme and during the sensory-motor period ( birth to 2 old ages ) they use these action scheme to absorb information about the universe. He described two maps of kids ‘s linguistic communication, therefore the egoist and the socialized. During the sensory-motor period, kids ‘s linguistic communication is egoistic and they talk either for themselves or for the pleasance of tie ining anyone who happens to be at that place with the activity of the minute. Piaget suggested that during the preoperational phase this period ( 2 and 7 old ages ) , kids ‘s linguistic communication makes rapid advancement. The development of their mental scheme lets them rapidly suit new words and state of affairss and they begin to build simple sentences. ( Appendix aˆÂ ¦ . ) Piaget ‘s theory describes kids ‘s linguistic communication as symbolic, leting them to venture beyond what he termed as here and now and get down to to speak approximately things as the yesteryear, the hereafter, people, feelings and events. During this clip, kids ‘s linguistic communication frequently shows cases of what Piaget termed animism and egoism. Animism refers to immature kids ‘s inclination to see everything, including inanimate objects, to be alive. Since they see things strictly from their ain position, kids ‘s linguistic communication besides reflects their egoism, whereby they attribute phenomena with the same feelings and purposes as their ain. Piaget ‘s theory besides describes moral pragmatism as a feature of kids ‘s linguistic communication development at this phase, since immature kids tend to concentrate on the extent of any harm caused by a individual ‘s actions, without taking into history whether that individual had good or bad purposes. Language development trades with how a kid develops his/her linguistic communication accomplishments during their growing period. Language development has been an issue debated among linguistic communication experts over a long period of clip. Experts have opposing positions on how a kid acquires/learns linguistic communication. There are four chief theories of linguistic communication development and they all have different ideas on the acquisition of linguistic communication. Behaviorists ( Skinner ) believe that linguistic communication is learned. Nativists ( Chomsky ) believe that linguistic communication is unconditioned and alone to worlds. Cognitive theoreticians ( Piaget ) believe linguistic communication is non unconditioned but a merchandise of cognitive development. Finally, societal interactionists ( Vygotsky ) believe that linguistic communication acquisition is a consequence of both biological and environmental factors. All of these theories have their ain manner of co nstruing linguistic communication development, and to some extent, they all seem to be extremely converting. However, out of the four theories, the societal interactionist position entreaties to me the most ; so my theory of linguistic communication development is decidedly the societal interactionist position. Unlike Piaget, Vygotski considered linguistic communication to be cardinal to development. Although Piaget acknowledged linguistic communication with development with footings such as ‘egocentric address ‘ , he did non believe it prevailing, stating it was due to the kid ‘s inability to believe from another position. Vygotski nevertheless, believed speaking out loud gives the kid a manner to form their ideas and steer their actions. Research has shown, kids who use ‘egocentric ‘ or ‘private address ‘ show greater betterment on job work outing undertakings than others who do non utilize or less private address. Probes into this topic, has besides shown that Vygotski ‘s sentiment on kids ‘s address is a much better description than Jean piagets Piaget and Vygotsky are in understanding that kids are active scholars. They contribute to their ain development. This means that kids build ways of groking the universe, ( cognition and apprehension ) , through their activities. They differ in the attack that kids take to organizing these. Piaget provinces that it happens chiefly through physical use of objects around them. Vygotsky, that it is socially mediated. Harmonizing to Crain ( ) , between the ages of 2 and 3, kids begin to do sentences of three or more words and between 3 and 6 old ages their grammar becomes complex. They start to utilize Where, What, Why, for illustration, â€Å" What is that? † ( Appendix aˆÂ ¦ . )

How to Talk About Fractions in Chinese

How to Talk About Fractions in Chinese Know that you know your whole numbers in Chinese, you can talk about rational numbers in decimals, fractions, and percents with the addition of a few more vocabulary words. Of course, you can read and write numbers- like 4/3 or 3.75 or 15%- using the universal numerical system in Chinese-speaking regions. However, when it comes to reading those numbers out loud, youll need to know these new Mandarin Chinese terms. Parts of a Whole Fractions can be expressed either as parts of a whole (half, quarter, etc.) or as decimal fractions. In English, parts of a whole are stated as â€Å"XX parts of YY,† with XX being the parts of the whole and YY being the whole. An example of this is saying two parts of three, which also means two-thirds.   However, the phrase construction is the opposite in Chinese. Parts of a whole  are stated as YY 分ä ¹â€¹ XX. The pinyin of 分ä ¹â€¹ is fÄ“n zhÄ «, and is written the same in both traditional and simplified Chinese.  Note that the number representing the whole comes at the beginning of the phrase.   One-half can be stated as either ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥ Å  (yÄ « bn)  or using the phrase construction mentioned above:  Ã¤ ºÅ'分ä ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸â‚¬ (à ¨r fÄ“n zhÄ « yÄ «). There is no Chinese equivalent to the term one-quarter besides  Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸â‚¬ (s à ¬ fÄ“n zhÄ « yÄ «). Examples of Parts of a Whole three-quarterssà ¬ fÄ“n zhÄ « sÄ n四分ä ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€°eleven-sixteenthsshà ­ lià ¹ fÄ“n zhÄ « shà ­ yÄ «Ã¥  Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸â‚¬ Decimals Fractions can also be stated as decimals. The word for decimal point in Mandarin Chinese is written as é »Å¾ in traditional form and ç‚ ¹ in simplified form. The character is pronounced as diÇŽn.   If a number begins with the decimal point, it can optionally be prefaced with é› ¶ (là ­ng), which means zero. Each digit of the decimal fraction is stated individually just like a whole number. Examples of Decimal Fractions 1.3yÄ « diÇŽn sÄ nä ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ¸â€° (trad)ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€š ¹Ã¤ ¸â€° (simp)0.5674ling diÇŽn wÇ” lià ¹ qÄ « sà ¬Ã©â€º ¶Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¤ ¸Æ'å›› (trad)é› ¶Ã§â€š ¹Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¤ ¸Æ'å›› (simp) Percents The same phrase construction used in expressing parts of a whole is also used when talking about percentages. Except for when talking about percents in Chinese, the whole is always 100. Thus, XX% will follow this template: ç™ ¾Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹ (bÇŽi fÄ“n zhÄ «) XX.   Examples of Percents 20%bÇŽi fÄ“n zhÄ « à ¨r shà ­Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ºÅ'Ã¥  5%bÇŽi fÄ“n zhÄ « wÇ”ç™ ¾Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ºâ€

Summary of the Culture in China Essays

Summary of the Culture in China Essays Summary of the Culture in China Essay Summary of the Culture in China Essay I think my home country China is such an unique country from what it has been through in the past and what it achieved in the past 20 years, and when those long traditional culture meets the modern or western culture, they get mixed and form the culture as it is now. Now I’m listing and explaining according to the five dimension from my point of view. Power Distance I agree with the point that Hofstede gives 80, the power is highly centralized by the government, I think the primary reason is because China’s one party rule. All the big decisions are made by those 5 7 people in the top level, or some power could even been made only by the chairman. Therefore, the power is distributed from the top all the way down to regular people, not only in the political structure, but also in corporate where people worked, hierarchy is a common sense especially in state-owned companies, i. e. everybody should follow leader or manager’s direction. However, along with more and more foreign company came to China and some private or startup which bring advanced management or organization structure to China, a new trend of encouraging normal employee to come up with their own thought or opinion. An example that I can think about is the internet censorship in China. Since 2000, along with the information explosion and web 2. 0 are more and more popular around the world, people can get information or news from multiple sources over the internet, but Chinese government concerned a lot for their people that could gain more information other than government’s public news or media resources. Therefore a series technical methods has been implemented, such as IP blocking, DNS filtering and redirection, URL filtering, etc, all those kind of methods are called the Great Firewall of China. Furthermore, social networks are boosted nowadays, Chinese government is more sensitive on this and the situation is more and more intensified. I think even most people know that it is not a good approach to control people’s willing of exploring the internet, but this must be a power distributed unequally and nobody can question whether it is right in the whole hierarchy of power distribution system. Individualism I think the point is a little lower than I expect. I agree the example in Hofstede that considerations affect hiring and promotions with closer in-groups (such as family) are getting preferential treatment. The phenomenon is especially common in state-owned company, I heard of the stories like this almost from every family member or friend. Another example is many employee are toadying to their boss and hope to keep closer to the group that they belong to. But again, this phenomenon happens not that common in foreign company. From my experience, I worked for two foreign company before I came to US, although there are some rumor that some employee are hired because of some relationship with manager or manager’s manager, but I believe this things happened more rarely than state-owned company. Regarding to â€Å"Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups they are cold or even hostile to out-groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and company. I heard of this kind of sayings for a long time but didn’t have met that, both in my schools or companies, I think those relationship between groups or teams are just competition, the objects are all hope to get job done better. My score on this dimension would be 60. Masculinity / Femininity I find there are some different understanding for â€Å"Masculinity / Femininity† in Hofstede and ppt slides, Hofstede’s definition for â€Å"mascu linity† is saying the society is achievement and success oriented, and â€Å"femininity† means the dominant value of society is caring for others and quality of life. In ppt slides, it also mentioned equality of men and women. I agree that give China a high score but expect the score should be higher, 90 or more. In my opinion, China is an extremely success oriented and driven country, both from the country perspective and from the personal perspective. As a developing country, China’s economic speed thrilling the whole world, it is a common sense that everything is good to economic numbers, it would be encouraged. However, in the other side, that also gives the society some downsides. For instance environmental problems, more and more factory or manufacturing plants are coming to China, but they also bring various pollution, and it will cost much more time to recover. Another example is Beijing 2008 Olympic Game, obviously it was a big success, and it a proud thing for every Chinese people, also in the other side, we cost too much for that. We spend too much money and energy, the whole country was preparing it for many years, massive construction have been completed in Beijing, the whole city has almost been rebuilt. Another good example for personal is Chinese’s education. Score or grade has always been the only measurement tool to judge a so called â€Å"good student†. Kids are learning hard since elementary school, and the pressure are more and more intensive when he or she growing up to high school, getting a better score in college entrance examination is the primary goal during all the three years in high school. Therefore, most students sacrifice nearly all other activities but keep learning day by day. College entrance examination lasting 2 days, during that two days, the exam is the only topic in most people’s life because every student’s whole family are involved. Half month later when the result comes out, some students who don’t satisfy their result choose to prepare another year and hope to get a better grade next year, however, that might waste a whole year in their best ages. That’s a consequence of the success orient. Uncertainty avoidance I think 30 is a little bit low for China. The points of â€Å"laws and rules may be flexible to suit the actual situation and pragmatism is a fact of life. † that Hofstede pointed out is correct in some situation. For example, when you’re in a car accident, to avoid making compensation or diminish the responsibility, most people will ask friends or families to see who is getting known someone in the local police office, that’ll have influence to policeman’s judgement the side that have more powerful relationship with the police might escape the charge or responsibility. But I don’t agree with Hofstede’s other examples, Chinese language is full of ambiguous meanings, that’s right, but it is only a specialty of a language, maybe it’s difficult to learn for most western people but you can’t say China is ambiguous or Chinese people tend to be ambiguous because you can’t distinguish them. Also I’m doubting the example that Hofstede cites, â€Å"the majority (70% -80%) of Chinese businesses tend to be small to medium sized and family owned. Many state-owned company are the main entity of the country, they are giant comparing to the small business. I think the biggest uncertainty of China is the policy changes, sometimes the changes are even opposite, for instance, in 1960s, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible, then the population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976, since then the government began to make control, the one child policy had been pla nned as early as 1977 and mandated nationwide until 1979. Another example is China was encouraging the automobile industry since 2000, more and more family owned cars, but along with the big traffic problem in big cities of China, now the government proposed many ways to limit the growth of automobile, such as tax increasing, plate auction (people have to pay more than 40,000 RMB to get a car plate in Shanghai), cars are forbidden to drive on road every 10 days according to the last digit of the plate number, etc. Long term orientation I agree with the Hofstede’s opinion that China is long term orientation, people work hard and following the sharp increase in income, they tend to make savings, and the saving rate have continued to rise to the point that the national savings rate in China is now the highest in the world. Most people especially old ages tend to save money in the bank, also they tend to make real estate investment, they think that’s the best way to keep value, so China’s real estate value rises dramatically in the past 10 years. Furthermore, many people are considering to buy real estate for their children. I talked with a roommate from Taiwan, and make some comparison between China and Taiwan, hereby I make some summary of what he said. Power Distance He think Taiwan’s score on this is too high, he said it should be 45. Because Taiwan is a democratic country, Nationalist Party and Democratic Progressive Party come into power one after another, so they’re supervise each other. He also mentioned, like US, the president of Taiwan doesn’t have too much power, all the big decisions are made by different department as a whole, there is not such a role that is superior than all others. Individualism He said the score should be raised to 30 and taiwanese are not so egocentric that only care about themselves, family is also an important in people’s life. Masculinity / Femininity He said old man or woman used to be driven by success and achievement, but young people are more focus on how to live in a well-being, which means that the result is only a tool to measure a thing but not the only tool. Uncertainty avoidance He said in daily work, people have their clear tasks to do, and work hard on that, but for the future, most people don’t have a clear view. Long term orientation He said Taiwan is definitely a long term orientation, he gave me an example is the Military Service of Taiwan, in his age it was a duty to serve in the army, but nowadays it might change to voluntary, and the change will be announced soon. The benefit of this change is to save government’s huge cost for army. Another reason is government believe the future war don’t need too much soldiers, it more depends on high-tech.

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and the Seven Years War

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and the Seven Years War A system of alliances between the Great Powers of Europe had survived the wars of the Spanish and Austrian succession in the first half of the eighteenth century, but the French-Indian War forced a change. In the old system, Britain was allied with Austria, who was allied with Russia, while France was allied with Prussia. However, Austria was chaffing at this alliance after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, because Austria had wanted to recover the rich region of Silesia, which Prussia retained. Austria, therefore, began slowly, tentatively, talking with France. Emerging Tensions As tensions between England and France mounted in North America in the 1750s, and as a war in the colonies seemed certain, Britain signed an alliance with Russia  and upped the subsidies it was sending into mainland Europe to encourage other loosely allied, but smaller, nations to recruit troops. Russia was paid to keep an army on standby near Prussia. However, these payments were criticized in the British parliament, who disliked spending so much on defending Hanover, from where the current royal house of Britain had come, and which they wanted to protect. Alliances Change Then, a curious thing happened. Frederick II of Prussia, later to earn the nickname ‘the Great,’ was afraid of Russia and the British aid to her and decided that his current alliances weren’t good enough. He thus entered into discussion with Britain, and on January 16, 1756, they signed the Convention of Westminster, pledging aid to each other should ‘Germany’- which included Hanover and Prussia- be attacked or â€Å"distressed.† There were to be no subsidies, a most agreeable situation for Britain. Austria, angry at Britain for allying with an enemy, followed up its initial talks with France by entering into a full alliance, and France dropped its links with Prussia. This was codified in the Convention of Versailles on May 1st, 1756. Both Prussia and Austria were to remain neutral if Britain and France warred, as politicians in both nations feared would happen. This sudden change of alliances has been called the ‘Diplomatic Revolution.’ Consequences: War The system- and peace- looked secure to some: Prussia could not attack Austria now that the latter was allied with the greatest land power on the continent, and while Austria did not have Silesia, she was safe from further Prussian landgrabs. Meanwhile, Britain and France could engage in the colonial war which had already started without any engagements in Europe, and certainly not in Hanover. But the system reckoned without the ambitions of Frederick II of Prussia, and by the end of 1756, the continent was plunged into the Seven Years War.

Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Principles - Essay Example Today’s organisations provide immense opportunities for employees to learn and grow. These organisations contribute significantly towards growth and betterment of the society. Today’s organisations work on team-based structures and give much importance to human capital. Organisations function well on strong information and technology framework. Moreover, organisations give much importance to the wellbeing of their employees by focusing on work-life balance (Schermerhorn, 2010). Organisations accomplish these by employing able managers. A manager is the person responsible for achieving specific goals through people through activities like coaching, mentoring, facilitating, planning, monitoring and controlling. Therefore, a manager has administrative functions and leadership functions in an organisation. Managers can be of various types depending upon their tasks. Different types of managers include line managers, facilities managers, security managers, general managers o r functional managers (Parsloe, 2004). Managers are responsible for a variety of activities and functions like performance management, employee motivation, customer satisfaction, as well as production activities and quality management. These functions constitute the management process.

Drinking Water and Sanitation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drinking Water and Sanitation - Research Paper Example The lack of safe drinking water has led to a number of diseases and deaths, especially among infants. A number of goals have been set over the years with various ten year milestones. These milestones have been beset with various challenges. However, there has been some amount of success. Various strategies including the promotion of breast-feeding to reduce mortality in infants have been used as a means of dealing with the effects of the problem. Introduction Drinking water and sanitation are two important factors in the lives of human beings. Water is required not only to drink but also for personal hygiene, the preparation of meals and to ensure that our surroundings are clean. Some people do not have access to piped water and therefore depend on other sources such as rivers and streams. This water is not treated and in a number of cases is exposed to various factors in the environment. Among these factors are the way we carry out various activities including disposal of industrial and household wastes. In addition to that, there is the problem of inadequate and improper sanitary conveniences which also have implications for the supply of safe water. Over the years a number of goals have been set. However, they have not been fully realized due to various challenges that affect these efforts. Previous Goals and Achievements The period 1981 – 1990 was designated as ‘The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade’ by the United Nations (Cairncross 1992). During that period the aim was to increase the supply of water and hygienic toilets so that more people especially the poor could have access to these necessities (Cairncross 1992). A number of organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank were involved in this effort. Since then the drive for the improvement in the quality of life has continued as some of the targets were not achieved. In fact, Cairncross (1992) points out that a lot more needs to be done in order to facilitate efforts to make safe water and proper sanitation available to all people. Risk of Inadequate Drinking Water and Sanitation The problems that arise from inadequate drinking water and poor sanitation are far greater than the problems of war, terrorist attack and weapons of mass destruction but they receive less attention (Bartram et al, p. 810). The lack of proper sanitation and waste disposal facilities can lead to waterborne diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis and legionellosis (WHO). This is a serious problem as it results in the death of approximately 3900 children everyday and therefore threatens the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs) (Bartram et al 2005). The developing countries are more at risk as microbial organisms which cause diseases are normally found in drinking water in these areas (Ashbolt 2004). The situation is worst in places like Africa and Asia where a substantial portion of their people live in condit ions of extreme poverty. Sequelae and mortality are the result as the body becomes less capable of providing immunity against diseases that are endemic (Pond 2005). Diseases associated with the intestines are generally more severe because of the high levels of mal-nutrition as well as the non-existence of strategies in these countries to deal with these types of problems. The traditional methods of filtration and chlorination continue to be used. However, these are not 100% effective as there are some chlorine resistant pathogens (Ashbolt 2004). The Millennium Development Goals According to Bartram et al (2005) 40% of the world population does not have access to a pit latrine and almost 20% do not have access to

Disseratation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

Disseratation - Essay Example This conclusion is reached based on the observation of children and their teachers in a primary school from levels 1-6 as well as the concerns of the SENCO.It was found that there were wide gaps in the theory and practice of SEN teachers as apparent from the discrepancies from their interviews and what the author had a chance to observe later on.Other issues that arise in the discussion is the difficult task faced by the primary schools as they come to terms with the effective management of the special educational needs struggling from funding problems and parental expectations. The paper recommends that either there should be a return to the formerly segregated learning techniques or home teaching or there should be better initiatives to promote the development of flexible training modules which are designed to be practical and relevant for primary schools. Such training facilities would require the collaboration between the primary teachers , LEA staff and local training providers. The past two decades have been pivotal to the change in the ways in which the local Education Authorities and schools have been required to respond to pupils with special educational needs (SEN). ... Such training facilities would require the collaboration between the primary teachers , LEA staff and local training providers. introduction The past two decades have been pivotal to the change in the ways in which the local Education Authorities and schools have been required to respond to pupils with special educational needs (SEN). This began when the 1981 Education Act was passed and there was a rush to change the assessment and referral systems of the SEN pupils.The change sped up with the more recent Education Act 1988 with its intense implications for the practice and provision of SEN learning.This legislation combined with the introduction of the National Curriculum,and the 1992 White Paper have all brought a large challenge to management of the SEN initiatives.This has also in part been affected by the altered in service funding arrangement which have also impacted teacher funding.The changing SEN initiative in the UK was based on the Warnock report the recommendations of which were aimed at revolutionizing the historic practice of dealing educationally with children with disabilities or learning difficulties in a segregated fashion. However how successful this initiative to has been in letting learning disabilities not get in the way for children to be educated in their neighborhood school, sharing learning with their peer is debated in this dissertation.This is particularly obvious from the funding problems and the difficulties faced by the teachers in dealing with learning disabilities.In this regard my dissertation offers a fresh perspective which actually favours that when segregated these children might be treated by specialist teachers.Admittedly it is unfair to separate SEN pupils from

Furniture Scenerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Furniture Scenerio - Essay Example The sheet is very helpful in ascertaining the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action. An example of this is the data that compares the "benefits cost" among the alternatives. The data shows that indeed, the "broker" option yields the largest savings in wages, which can be very essential information if labor cost is forecasted to continuously increase. On the other hand, if equipment prices will continue to rise, the data will also be helpful in identifying the disadvantage of "hi-tech" and broker options. The Assets, Liabilities and Equity Information basically provide a glimpse on the financial health of the company. Particularly, it tells about the company's liquidity which may allow it to invest in hi-tech equipment or its liabilities record which can guarantee a source of leverage in case the current cash standing is not enough. The Accounts Receivable is also useful in determining possible source of cash in the future, while the equity information gives information into the ownership of shareholders in the company. The budget data and variance analysis helps to distinguish which of the inputs to production needs to be economized and which among these are kept within the budget. Similarly, variance analysis helps keep the cost within the budget. ... ct of interest for Guillermo as he also carries his own brand and his own type of products which are comparable and which may be in direct competition with the products that he distributes for other companies. As was stated, he still has the desire to retain hid high-end customer particularly for his flame retardant and stain resistant furniture, in which only he has the patent. Although, it was stated that the market for this is smaller compared to the finished coating, Guillermo has all the reasons to push more for his product than that of the foreign business partner. The conflict of interest might pose a serious ethical problem in the future which might ruin his relationship with the foreign manufacturer. Being a representative of another company whose product is in competition with your own will definitely affect your loyalty to the company. In fact, it is often a business policy for employees or business partners to avoid conflict of interest, such as Blue Cross' policy of avoiding situations where personal interests can run in contrast to the interest of the company (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois). Conflict of interest, if not resolved, can create impropriety that can undermine confidence in the conflicted individual or organization (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc, 2009). The income information is still the most relevant information especially that it gives the direct comparison of the benefits and costs of each of the alternatives. It reveals specific details such as production capacity, direct costs and indirect costs incurred for every alternative. Looking at the future of the company, this information would be relevant and essential. In the field of Economics, each alternative represents the opportunity cost of the other decision. Comparing the benefits

Stock Market Assignment Part II--Retirement Plan Requirements Research Paper

Stock Market Assignment Part II--Retirement Plan Requirements - Research Paper Example I will live off 25 years depends on my retirement account. Average age of living of my past family members is 85 years and for this reason I have estimated this time duration of living for my life. Now, I am 25 years old and I have started earning from this year only. I want to cover the basic cost of living of my total family so that the children do not need to concentrate on savings. So, with this post retirement regular annual income I will cover the annual cost of my family. After retirement my cost of living will be minim um in terms of the essentials and regular expenses like the EMI of house loan and car loan will not be needed at that time. Apart from these regular expenses education will also be not needed at that time because children will become established and will be the earning family members when I will be retire from my job. So, I am expecting to get an annual post retirement withdrawal amount of at least 25% of the last annual income. I need this amount to be increased every year because of possibility of the increase of the inflation rate. This will result to increase in cost of living. So as the pre retirement income increases every year, the post retirement annual withdrawal amount will need to be increased. For getting 25% of the last annual of income after the 60 years of my age I need to save 20% of my total annual income. Rate of saving need I will increase at rate of increase in the annual income and for th8is purpose I am also cons idering the average inflation rate and the average percentage increase based on the past five years growth rate. I do not want a fixed amount after my retirement and for this reason I want a regular income from my savings and also this income from needs to be increasing in order each year so that I can withdraw increasing amount each year after my retirement. For this amount of withdrawal I have to save 20% of savings each year with increase rate of savings of 1.5% due to the

Furniture Scenerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Furniture Scenerio - Essay Example The sheet is very helpful in ascertaining the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action. An example of this is the data that compares the "benefits cost" among the alternatives. The data shows that indeed, the "broker" option yields the largest savings in wages, which can be very essential information if labor cost is forecasted to continuously increase. On the other hand, if equipment prices will continue to rise, the data will also be helpful in identifying the disadvantage of "hi-tech" and broker options. The Assets, Liabilities and Equity Information basically provide a glimpse on the financial health of the company. Particularly, it tells about the company's liquidity which may allow it to invest in hi-tech equipment or its liabilities record which can guarantee a source of leverage in case the current cash standing is not enough. The Accounts Receivable is also useful in determining possible source of cash in the future, while the equity information gives information into the ownership of shareholders in the company. The budget data and variance analysis helps to distinguish which of the inputs to production needs to be economized and which among these are kept within the budget. Similarly, variance analysis helps keep the cost within the budget. ... ct of interest for Guillermo as he also carries his own brand and his own type of products which are comparable and which may be in direct competition with the products that he distributes for other companies. As was stated, he still has the desire to retain hid high-end customer particularly for his flame retardant and stain resistant furniture, in which only he has the patent. Although, it was stated that the market for this is smaller compared to the finished coating, Guillermo has all the reasons to push more for his product than that of the foreign business partner. The conflict of interest might pose a serious ethical problem in the future which might ruin his relationship with the foreign manufacturer. Being a representative of another company whose product is in competition with your own will definitely affect your loyalty to the company. In fact, it is often a business policy for employees or business partners to avoid conflict of interest, such as Blue Cross' policy of avoiding situations where personal interests can run in contrast to the interest of the company (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois). Conflict of interest, if not resolved, can create impropriety that can undermine confidence in the conflicted individual or organization (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc, 2009). The income information is still the most relevant information especially that it gives the direct comparison of the benefits and costs of each of the alternatives. It reveals specific details such as production capacity, direct costs and indirect costs incurred for every alternative. Looking at the future of the company, this information would be relevant and essential. In the field of Economics, each alternative represents the opportunity cost of the other decision. Comparing the benefits

Research report on the casual dining Sector in KSA ( Saudi Arabia) Paper

Report on the casual dining Sector in KSA ( Saudi Arabia) - Research Paper Example The considerable market size as per the targeted population includes Riyadh and Jeddah as the main hub of the business. Other locations contributing in the overall market size of casual dining of KSA takes toll of Eastern province (Oxford Business Group, 2010). Other cities have also attracted the investors as the culture of dining out at causal stores has become a speculated fact. The number of franchise of one chain has about 50 stores currently as an average. The total of brand franchises has marked the rate of about more than 15000 stores. This will is expected to increase by 6% in the coming year (Soufi, 2012). Exposure to international way of living and increasing number of shopping malls based upon western standards. It should be noted that western civilization is considered to be involved in making use of their income for disposable purpose i.e. dining out as a form entertainment (Soufi, 2012). Dining out has become a trend of getting together with social groups. This has allowed people to come closer and becoming socially active as dining allow them to take time out of their routine and get engaged (Zawya.com, 2012). The market competition has relatively become zealous because the international chains have marked a strong grip of the market. The fact remains that the international chains are expected to get slowed in the competition because of the similarity in taste and store outlook. However, it has been noted that the Saudi chains have applied for license of their business in the sector. The planning of these stores is underway making it competitive for the international chains (Soufi, 2012). The threat that the present chains might have with the Saudi chain is the tradition and the typical predictable taste that the targeted market demand. Most of the chains have changed their menus and appointed ingredients in the meals which give it a Middle Eastern food touch. The

Ppt About Forbidden City Essay Example for Free

Ppt About Forbidden City Essay 1 Introduction The Forbidden City, also called the Palace Museum, which was the imperial palace during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Forbidden City was built from 1406 to 1420 by the Yongle Emperor who was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The English name of the Forbidden City is a translation of its Chinese name Zijin Cheng, which means that the Forbidden City is the residence of the emperor and his family, and no one could enter or leave the palace without the emperors approval. The Forbidden City is a rectangle 961 metres from north to south and 753 metres from east to west. Besides, it consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,886 bays of rooms. It is obviously the largest palace around the world. As the home of 24 emperors, 12 of the Ming Dynasty, and 10 of the Qing Dynasty, the palace was the political centre of China for more than 500 years, and this is one of the reasons why we interested in this topic. In the following sections, we will introduce the Forbidden City’s three main halls, The Hall of Mental Cultivation, the famous emperors and the stories of the palace, famous music about the Forbidden City, online virtual Forbidden City, and the best time to travel. 2 Descriptions 2-1 The three main halls There are three halls stand on top of a three-tiered white marble terrace of the square of the palace. They contain the Hall of Supreme Harmony (Chinese: Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥â€™Å'æ ® ¿), the Hall of Central Harmony(Chinese: ä ¸ ­Ã¥â€™Å'æ ® ¿), and the Hall of Preserving Harmony (Chinese: ä ¿ Ã¥â€™Å'æ ® ¿). The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest and highest level hall of the Forbidden City. Every emperor’s coronation, birthday ceremony, wedding ceremony, and other important ceremonies or political affairs had taken place in this hall. The Hall of Central Harmony is a smaller and square hall, used by the Emperor to rehearse and rest before and during ceremonies. Behind the Hall of Central Harmony, the Hall of Preserving Harmony, it was used by the emperor to banquet the nobility on every Chinese Eve, or other important festivals. In Qing Dynasty, the emperor had taken the most important imperial examinations, Dian Shi (Chinese: æ ® ¿Ã¨ © ¦) in this hall. 2-2 The Hall of Mental Cultivation The reason why we introduce this hall separately is that the Hall of Mental Cultivation is a particularly significant building of the Forbidden City of Qing Dynasty since 1722. The Hall of Mental Cultivation is well-known for the Yongzheng Emperor, who was the 5th emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and son of the Kangxi Emperor. He ruled the Chinese Empire from 1722 to 1735. During his ruling time, the emperor lived in this hall. After his death, other emperors lived in this hall continually, thus the hall had been the actual dominate centre of the Chinese Empire from 1722 to 1911, the ruin of the Qing Dynasty.

Case Study Procter Ang Gamble Merger With Gillette Marketing Essay

Case Study Procter Ang Gamble Merger With Gillette Marketing Essay Its being more than 100 years that Gillette Company manufactures consumer products that create strong brand loyalty among the consumers around the world. Gillette sells product mainly for men like blades, razors and shaving preparations. Gillette also has a strong position worldwide in some of the female grooming products, such as hair products. Company is the worldwide leader in alkaline batteries and is also famous for its Oral-B in manual and power toothbrushes. The Company has employed nearly 30,000 people globally and has 31 manufacturing plants in 14 countries. About Procter Gamble Headquarters: It has its headquarter at Cincinnati. Employees: No. of employees in the company are 110,000 in about 80 countries Brands: Tide, Charmin, Folgers, Noxema, Pampers, Pringles and Pantene. Founded: Procter Gmable was incorporated in 1837 at Cincinnati by William Procter, who was a candle maker and James Gamble who was a soap maker. Both men contributed $3,500 billion to start the company as a startup fund. Around four billion times a day, PG brands touch the lives of people around the world. The company has one of the strongest portfolios of trusted, leadership brands and Quality which including Pampers, Tide, Ariel, Always, Whisper, Pantene, Bounty, Pringles, Charmin, Downy, Lenor, Crest, Actonel, Olay, Clairol Nice n Easy and Head Shoulders(R). The PG community has almost 110,000 employees working in over 80 countries worldwide. Highlights of the case with important dates of Merger Important Dates- January 28, 2005: Procter Gamble announced their largest acquisition in its history. They agreed to buy Gillette in $57 billion and this deal involved or combined some of the worlds largest and top most brands. January 27, 2005: Procter and Gamble agreed to issue 0.975 shares of its common stock in against each share of Gillette and this showed an18% premium to Gillette shareholders. In 1986 -Revlon had tried and attempted its best to takeover Gillette in 1986 but it was not successful to do so. In 1999- Procter and Gamble went with a proposal to Gillette but at that time Gillette refused the offer, then in November 2004, Gillette CEO James M Kilts, started merger talks with Procter and Gamble as he thought that it was the right time for such a move. Highlights of the Merger- The Merger was announced on January 28th 2005, Procter and Gamble decided to exchange 0.975 shares of its common stock for each share of Gillette. Thus, it leads to 18% of premium to Gillette shareholders. The merger was approved by the shareholders of both the company. After the merger Procter and Gamble immediately decided to buy back $18-22 billion of its common stock and this whole process of buy back took 18 months to complete. After this process the deal was structured as 60% stock and 40% cash deal, while it was purely a stock- swap on paper. When the merger happened everybody knew that Procter and Gamble combined with Gillette would become the worlds largest consumer product company with $60.7 billion annual sales. At that time after the merger the new company decided to takeover Unilever which had total annual sales of $48.25 billion at that time. Proctor and Gamble after the merger had brands of $21 billion with market capitalization of $200 billion. Once the merger was done Procter and Gamble shareholders owned approximately 71% of the combined company and Gillette shareholders owned 29% of the combined company. Both the companies expected that merger would bring great synergies. According to the deal between the two companies Procter and Gamble would acquire whole Gillette business which includes its technical, manufacturing and other facilities. Gillette and Proctor Gamble have almost same history, culture and core strengths in branding, scale, innovation and go to market capabilities, which made this merger a perfect one, people called this merger a perfect marriage because one innovative company acquired another innovative company to enlarge its product line and both companies faced low sales problem and both of them emerged as winners after applying same approaches. After acquiring Gillette as a whole Proctor and Gamble became the worlds second largest consumer products company with approximate sales of $61 billion. Procter and Gamble at the time of merger expected total gains and cost savings of $ 14 -$16 billion by lying off and eliminating 6000 peoples job. When Proctor and Gamble started running in profits it acquired brands which matched its strategy such as Germanys Wella AG hair care line, it also acquired Clairol for its hair care lines and Iams Company known for its pet foods. After the merger PG had great earnings within few days as its net income jumped 12% from $1.8 billion to $2.04 billion. On January 27, trading in Procter and Gamble calls spiked to 8,172 contracts and Gillettes call spiked to 4,788 contacts. This means that both the company had increase or more than five times the average daily volume. A single contract is equal to 100 shares. Hurdles after the merger- Procter and Gamble faced various challenges related to manufacturing facilities, workforce, work culture and integration of operations of the two companies which had functioned as an independent company for so long. According to the analysts lying off workers across countries is also a problem. Due to integration efforts demand Procter and Gamble also had to overcome the risk of not being able to focus on its functioning. Main issues which made the merger important According to the deal of Procter and Gamble and Gillette merger Procter and Gamble decided to exchange 0.975 shares of its common stock for each share of Gillette. Procter and Gamble decided to buy back its common stock after the merger i.e. between $18-22 billion. This made the deal 60 % stock and 40% cash deal. Both the companies thought that the merger to will bring heavy synergies as both are the best companies and combination of these two companies will lead to strong brand portfolio. After the merger Gillette had got more opportunities to sell its products in various developing markets like China and East Europe. After the merger the combined entity layoff 6000 employees that are 4% of 140,000 combined work forces. This has to be done as both the companies had to integrate the headquarters and business operation units. The management is trying their best efforts to retain best employees from both the companies. Both the companies merger is an important and attractive deal as it has growth prospects, the revenue and cost synergies are attractive and innovation pipelines are strong. Procter and Gamble decided about the potential regulatory or anti- trust barriers of this deal that they will closely review the deal and resolve any issues regarding the product that are overlapping between the companies as they have a good record of working with regulators in the competitive market place. Bankers involved in the deal were Merrill Lynch was representing Procter and Gamble and Goldman Sachs/UBS are representing Gillette. Post Merger Scenario After the merger it was a great financial success for both the companies, especially for Procter and Gamble as growth in its revenue tripled, it was reported that the company would have more than $ 60 billion sales a year. Procter and Gambles unit volume had grown 27% and its net sales also grew by 27% and have reached to $18.34 billion. PGs net earnings have also increased by 29% and have reached to  £2.55 billion. This merger has made Procter and Gamble the worlds number one household maker leaving behind Unilever in the second place. The combined companies have total 21 brands under it and have the best global market position in product categories. After the merger the company will have more power to negotiate with advertising and media companies like television, newspapers, magazine and billboards. Gillette and Procter and Gamble are actively involved in pilots like testing and learning the technology, developing a scalable solution, drive development to deliver business benefits and validate the business case. Dealing with Wal-Mart After the merger of Procter and Gamble and Gillette it had a great affect on Wal- Mart. As PG is one of the worlds largest consumer products company and after Gillette joined it its sale almost tripled and it gave the company a new competition with retailers like Wal- Mart. As it is said those retailers dont want its suppliers to be bigger than him and vice versa. Procter and Gamble merger with Gillette had put great pressure on various other consumer products firms like Nestle, Colgate- Palmolive, Unilever and Kimberly- Clark. Learnings from the case study Case study of Procter and Gamble merger with Gillette helps us in learning following: Post merger scenario of both the companies after the merger. Procter and Gamble was interested in buying Gillette because it wanted to improve and expand its product and target as many customers it can. Both the companies agreed to merge because they knew it will be bring revenue, enlarge its product line and can become worlds largest consumer product company. It is a kind of friendly takeover that is with consent of take over company and with consent of majority of shareholders. Consideration for takeover is in the form of cash an stock both. Buy back of securities i.e. after the merger Procter and Gamble immediately decided to buy back $18-22 billion of its common stock. Merger effects on PG and Gillette competitors like Wal-Mart. Hurdle which both the companies faced after the merger.

Love Story :: essays research papers

I was born into a non-Christian family. We thought we were Christians, because we used to go to church on Sundays. But we didn't know about the Bible verse that says we must be â€Å"born again† if we ever want to see the kingdom of God (John 3:3). Even if we'd heard it, we never stopped to think about how we could get â€Å"born again†. I got a job in a music store. Christine was a sales clerk there. She was one of the sweetest, most honest people I had come across up to that time. And she was open about being a Christian. I could see there was something different about her, and I was sure it had something to do with her Christianity. Her self-assurance, peace, and love for Jesus Christ made a strong impact on me. When I left the music store I got an office job. A young woman there, named Ruth, reminded me of Christine from my former job. It wasn't long before I found out that Ruth was a Christian too. I think these two young women were the only â€Å"born-again† Christians I had ever met up to that time, and they both stood out in a wonderful way. Ruth used to ask me about my beliefs, and I would ask her about hers. Whenever I asked her a question she didn't know the answer to, she said she would ask her pastor and get back to me with the answer. She always did. On the other hand, whenever she asked me a question I couldn't answer I would try to bluff my way through. I made some stupid comments to her at times, and looking back I don't know how she stopped herself from laughing at me. I guess it was her respectful Christian upbringing. I once told her that everyone in the world had been Roman Catholic until the time of Martin Luther. Ruth had no trouble demolishing that argument. In fact, she had no trouble demolishing all my arguments. Ruth was a happy person. She was always doing something exciting with her church youth group while I was doing little with my friends at all. Even after we both left that job, she kept in touch with me a few times, and made it clear that my spiritual life concerned her. Then events started happening in my life that kept me wondering whether I was missing something by not being a Christian.

Comparison and Contrast Sonny and Charlie Sonnys Blues and Babylon Revisited Essay

Struggling with an addiction is one of the most painful and dreadful experiences one could ever go through. It can start out small or simple, then all of a sudden it is a full on addiction. In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† addiction is a force that is to be reckoned with. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"Babylon Revisited†, paints the perfect picture of what addiction can do at its greatest. These stories can truly substantiate how addiction can put many obstacles up that are very difficult to overcome. It is well established in our society that overcoming adversity can lead to success in many levels. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† both addicts have major struggles in facing and defeating hardships in their lives, but when they are finally gone life is back to purpose again. Despite a few dissimilarities â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† , have a lot in common, such as, addiction, imprisonment, and salvation. First, these stories are similar because of addiction. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† we find that Sonny is addicted to heroin early on. â€Å"He had been picked up, the evening before, in a raid on an apartment downtown for peddling and using heroin. (434) Sonny had battled a long addiction to the harmful drug before finally getting in trouble and serving jail time. Sonny, unlike the other kids in Harlem, did not act hard or gangster. He had an older brother who tried to look after him as well. He had guidance and advice at a young age but the streets of Harlem took control. Sonny wanted to find an escape from Harlem; he turned to heroin as that choice. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† Charlie is plagued by the addiction of alcohol. He used to frequent the bars every night. He spent many nights drunk under the influence of alcohol. He had a daughter who kept him on the straight and narrow. She was his motivation to beat the addiction. Charlie searched for meaning in the bottle. The recollection of the past paves the way toward the future. The hole that Charlie seemed to dig himself into with alcohol is something that he will never be able to forget. He has damaged more than just himself because of his addiction. These stories are similar because of addiction. Second, the stories are comparable because of imprisonment. The imprisonment is caused by the addictions. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† Sonny is a prisoner to Harlem, he realized early on that he was not going to break the stereotype of being a poor, black, inner-city kid from Harlem. He realized the obstacles and burdens that were ahead of him. His brother warned him several times how dangerous and corrupt life is in Harlem but Sonny never took it to heart. He then turned to heroin to find the escape he had been searching for all along, which led to his jail sentence. Now, Sonny was literally held captive to the very thing he was using for his escape. Yet, when he smiled, when we shook hands, the baby brother I’d never known looked out from the depths of his private life, like an animal waiting to be coaxed in the light. †(438) Sonny’s brother had viewed him as an animal who has been trapped in the misery of his life, and now that he is free, he wants to know if he is truly free from the addiction of the past. Sonny’s brother is trying to say that he felt like he never knew his brother before but now that he has suffered the life of prison, he can see the wounds that his dreadful past had caused. But he can still notice the heart of Sonny. He sees that deep down Sonny is the same he has always been regardless of his past. The narrator is finally confronted with the reality that Sonny is in fact his brother and he is now his brother’s keeper, a responsibility he had ran from the majority of his life. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† Charlie is imprisoned by his past. He will never truly be able to forget his past. He is constantly reminded of it anywhere he goes in Paris. His alcoholism has led him to a life of drunken memories. He also cannot escape his failed marriage. The reminiscence of the past can forecast the future. Because Charlie lost his wife, he is prevented from living with his daughter, which is the thing that will help him bury his past. These stories are similar because of imprisonment. Finally, these stories are alike because they both feature salvation. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† Sonny gets his salvation through music. When he is released from prison he is looking to get away from the same life that got him there. He also knows that Harlem is a city full of despair and drugs, which he cannot avoid. But he finds his salvation through music. When he is urged to fall back into his old life he plays music to revive himself from it. â€Å"For, while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isn’t any other tale to tell, it’s the only light we’ve got in all this darkness. †(453) the narrator describes how music changes his brother into the man he wants him to be. In â€Å"Babylon Revisited† Charlie finds salvation in through his daughter. Even though his friends and family try to bring him down, the one thing he puts his faith into is his daughter. In order to be saved from something you must be consumed by something else. Charlie was consumed in his past and could not let go. But when he is with his daughter he finds relentless joy that he cannot seem to find anywhere else. These stories are similar because of salvation. Addiction consumed Sonny and Charlie. It was something that opened many doors that they did not want opened. It caused them both to lose their entire lives. Even though they lived they are forever haunted by the past of their previous addictions. These stories are similar because of addiction, imprisonment, and salvation.

A New Generation John F Kennedy is about President John F Kennedy Essay

The book John F. Kennedy and a New Generation is written by David Burner and published by Little Brown, Boston in 1988. David Burner is a Professor in the Department of History in State University of New York. Professor Burner research interest includes social history of US. He is currently working on a project with patty Limerick about colonialist women. His other publications include â€Å"A History of Democratic Party (1970), A History of Presidential Elections (2002), Reading from Settlement to reconstruction (1998) and Making Peace with the 60s (1997). His book A New Generation John F Kennedy is about President John F Kennedy admiration that can be seen throughout the book. Even though critics have mentioned many shortcomings about Kennedy, Burner instead focuses on Kennedy leadership and his accomplishments throughout his life. Burner mentions that Kennedy appealed to various segment of public for his style, looks and accomplishments that formed the basis of his support. For example he won the support of Jews, Asians and Hispanic and other blue-collar democrats giving them a promise of American dream as he himself had immigrant background. Burner explores the controversies including success and failures of Kennedy life and how it shaped American consciousness. He provides deeper discussion of Kennedy both as an individual and as a leader allowing readers to examine the changes that shaped the American political system during 1950s and 1960s, and how Kennedy created a greater hope for every American. The author mentions several events and incidents from the time and how Kennedy was influential changing the course of history. For example the Cuban missile crisis tested the leadership of president leadership when Kennedy threatened the use of nuclear arms in the wake of Cuban Mission crisis in 1962. The naval blockade ordered by Kennedy proved successful and the negotiation with Russia ended peacefully. Another incident Burner mentions is the turbulent end of state sponsored racial discrimination, which Kennedy brought to an end by supporting racial integration and civil rights movement. Kennedy was also eager to see US leader of the space race. It was JFK speech in Rice University in September 1962 where he mentioned, â€Å"No nation can expect to be the leader of the other nations. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do other things not because they are easy, but because they are hard†. Kennedy approached Khrushchev for cost sharing the technology. Kennedy approved a huge sum of $22 billion to launch American Space Project and Apollo goal was finally realized when Neil Armstrong became the first American to land on moon. Bruner discuss the charm of Kennedy and his wife who were more popular than pop stars and movie stars. One main reason was their good looks and charm that was often photographed by magazines and set the changing fashion trend. Kennedy’s even changes the White House environment from a bleak house to lively and house of mirth and joy. They believed that White House should be place of American History, arts and culture. They invited various artists, writers, and scientists including noble laureate which made White House a livelier place. Despite all the good points which burner has mentioned, the book ignores the bed sheet and fashion stories were associated with Kennedy. Kennedy is well known for his history of extra marital affairs including involvement with Marilyn Monroe do not suit a sitting president. Burner did not talk about these issues, even though it has no thing to do with his professional life, yet such incidents were part of Kennedy should have been discussed. Burner has mentioned on several occasions the influence of Kennedy in the domestic and international affairs including the civil rights; however the view of Burner is more of only glorification of the Kennedy. Even though Kennedy is the most popular President of the United States; but critics argue that his reputation is overrated. He was young and charming; but he was unable to achieve any thing major in his lifetime. Kennedy popularity is based on optimistic beginnings on various domestic and international issues. Critics mention that the popular Civil Right Act was envisioned by his brother Robert Kennedy and was signed by President Johnson in 1964 that was Kennedy successor. Kennedy did not disclose the severity of his health condition. He was believed to have Addison disease that is tantamount of failure of professional integrity. He is considered to be the unhealthiest man to sit in the oval office. While other the Addison disease he was also suffering from an extreme backache from childhood added with various kinds of infections. There is also criticism about his domestic politics that Burner has ignored in his book. For example Kennedy tried to appease Southern Democrats by stocking the lower federal bench with segregationists who did not live up to the mark he was advocating. It is believed that by making attorney general he tried to form a political dynasty that the Founding Father did not advocate. However Vietnam is considered his greatest mistake, where during his time US intervention in Vietnam increased and Kennedy authorized a coup absent the Diem; while dictator general overtook the power which further aggravated the situation in Vietnam.. Even though it was in fact Johnson who made his own mistakes by over involving and bombing the Vietnamese excessively, but the game was started by Kennedy and it was not easy to backup. The people who supported war become protestor calling the American administration immoral. Even though Kennedy assignation fueled the Vietnam cause as his untimely death became martyrdom, but Vietnam was blunder that cost US a lot in time money and human life. Had Kennedy not intervened in the Vietnam there would have no loss of time, money and American lives in an unethical war that continued for decades without any outcome. In the case of Cuban Missiles Crisis, it is mentioned that Kennedy went too far and the world was standing at the brink of a nuclear war due Kennedy antagonism. Had the Russian not backed off, there was every possibility of end of the world. For his supporters he his aggressiveness increased US role in international affairs, but for his opponents it was not sane for president to resort to Nuclear weapons as a last choice. Kennedy critics often label him as youthful charmer with little substance especially by conservatives. And it is often done to minimize his efforts about Civil Rights and international affairs, but the truth is Kennedy was a man of vision. He initiated many new debates in American Society that was unthinkable in his time. Even though most his policies were achieved by his successors; as he was not able to see his vision fulfilled due to his untimely death, the credit still goes to him. Had he not been able to think ahead of time; many things would have been delayed. For example his plan for landing a man on moon was mega project, which took place ahead of the decade. The landing on moon not only increased US prestige in the world, but it also boosted US military technology and power that continues till today. The Vietnam War was mistake but the same mistake can be seen today in the case of Iraq War. The people who initially supported Iraq War now are chanting against the current administration; there are always opposite views regarding any issue. Kennedy advocated the Civil Right Movement at a time when country was divided; and there was division among his own members, but he took the stance and even called the Martin Luther Jr wife to show his affiliation for a just cause. Though Johnson signed the bill, but it was Kennedy who took a step ahead in a difficult time for which he is worth praise. The book is good for people who have no knowledge of Kennedy as a President; however Burner has not justified his role as writer by discussing his dark side that could have made Kennedy more of a man rather a mythical figure. Reference David Burner, (1988). John F. Kennedy and a new generation. Boston: Little, Brown Robert l Bartley, (February 26, 2001). Coolidge deserves more praise. Retrieved July 8, 2006, Web site: http://www. opinionjournal. com/columnists/rbartley/? id=85000640 SUNY SB Department of History -Faculty Page- David Burner. Retrieved July 8, 2006, Web site: www. sunysb. edu/history/faculty Stephen G. Rabe, (2000). John F. Kennedy and Cuba, November 1962 to November 1963. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30,

Chinese Cinderella Response to Lit

Big Brother and Second Brother Two of Deadline's brothers are malicious and mischievous. Why you say? Well, because clues in the context of Chinese Cinderella tell me so. I can tell you that Deadline's eldest brother is mischievous from Just two quotes of the book. One Is, â€Å"Silently but swiftly, Big Brother suddenly approached Ye Ye and carefully pinched the nasal hair between his forefinger and thumb. † This Illustrates that Big Brother thinks It's funny to pull out one of his grandfather's nose hairs while his senior Is leaping.Another quote Is, â€Å"Laughing hysterically, Big Brother rushed out of the room, slid down the banister and made a clean getaway Into the garden, all the time holding Ye Yes's hair aloft Like a trophy. † This quote shows that Big Brother Is so mischievous that he would even pluck out a nasal hair of his grandpa's and even evade his old man's anger for the fun of it! Second Brother also has a very distinct personality. He is malicious to Deadline because of jealousy and everything that goes wrong for him.To support my claim, ere are two quotes and why I chose these quotes. â€Å"Deliberately he took my right arm under the table and gave it a quick, hard twist while no one was looking. † Second Brother is so cruel that he hurts Deadline right at the dinner table where anyone may see him. â€Å"n. You ugly little squirt! This'll teach you to show off your medal! † Deadline's brother openly shows that he acts maliciously not Just for no reason, but also because he is Jealous of the attention that Deadline is getting because of an award she received.

Hyperinflation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hyperinflation - Research Paper Example (Swanson, 2004) Examples of the Hyperinflation Phenomenon If this definition of hyperinflation by economists is anything to go by, then any commodity which has a price of USD1 at the starting of the year would cost USD130 at the setting in of the following year. It (hyperinflation) was to a big extent a common occurrence in the 20th Century. This was mostly after the Great War and the Second World War. The main hyperinflation that has drawn the attention of most scholars for the purposes of studying is that which occurred in Germany in years 1922-1923. In November year 1923, the price index, using August 1922 as the base period, was 1.02*1010. This translated would result to an average of 322% inflation per month. This hyperinflation persisted for about 16 months. Besides the case of Germany, there was an even more serious case of hyperinflation subsequent to the WWII. Precisely, it occurred from August year 1945 through July 1946 and the general price level escalated at an alarming rate of approximately 19,000% per month. Causes of Hyperinflation In spite the fact that hyperinflation can be blamed on the shocks that had just happened just before these two aforementioned countries, no single shock can explain it all in spite of how severe it is. One shock like that of WWII cannot grant a sustainable answer as to why hyperinflation would continuously grow rapidly for a while. In other words the hyperinflationary phenomena witnessed in Hungary and Germany could not have been caused by the world wars. Causes of hyperinflation are explained by one major factor, a rapid increase in the paper money supply. This is usually common after the fiscal and monetary policies’ implementing authorities of a country make regular issuance of huge quantities of money so as to pay a big spending that the government may have incurred. Due to the issuance of currencies by these authorities it leads to a kind of inflation of taxation where government makes gains at the expense of those people who hold money while the value of this money decreases. Therefore, hyperinflation signifies very big schemes of taxation. Explaining this phenomenon of the economy using the economies of Hungary and Germany the findings are as stated. When Hungary was facing hyperinflation, the money supply that was done made a money supply rise of 1.19*1025. On the other hand, in the German case the amount of money in circulation rose by 7.32*109. While compared with the price levels’ rise earlier, the figures of money growth supply were smaller. The difference in the money supply growth and price levels rise can be explained to be due to the concept known as real money quantity. This real money quantity concept seeks to explain what the situation where persons exhibit the behavior of holding money as prices rise in rapid manners shows inflation. The real money quantity, which is also known as the purchasing power of money is that ratio between the money held and the level o f prices. Making an assumption that a given family consumes a given bundle of commodities, the real money value is that bundle which the money that they hold can purchase. In the time periods when inflation is at low levels, then that family will have a retention of the real value of their money that they hold- which is very convenient. On the contrary, if there is a high inflation, a family will be maintaining a

The impact Advertising has on brand preference for consumers in the Essay

The impact Advertising has on brand preference for consumers in the mobile phone market - Essay Example While each component had its role in forming the marketing strategy, promotion essentially meant reaching out to the customer through advertising and media campaigns. In today's world 'promotion' field has been further widened by renaming it as marketing communication. Such a communication now forms a crucial part of managerial activities. This study is an effort towards analysing the mobile phone market in general and to what extent advertising or marketing communication activities help in building brands, creating brand loyalties, increase in sales, cutting costs etc. How customer perceptions have changed over the years towards going for a product which is seen all over the media space, fliers, signboards etc. will form the cornerstone of preparing marketing strategies for any company. Mobile phone market comprises of a range of brands offering a variety of features at affordable prices, depending upon the requirements of the customer, the market potential and other factors like, l ocal taxes, liberalisation policies etc. To what extent the customer's opinion gets influenced by running advertisement campaigns and how the balance is tilted by celebrity endorsement or the brand ambassadors will be studied through this paper. Technology is also a critical factor while reaching out to the customer. The advancements in technology has also come out with innovative ideas to reach out to the customer. ... The process of globalisation and liberalisation has resulted in uniformity of policies all around the globe, thus providing room for adopting the learning's from one type of market into another. The rapidly changing market dynamics though have kept the companies on their toes. Kotler (1974) termed marketing as a set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges. Advertising helps in influencing the consumer behaviour. While on the one hand the competition helps the consumer in getting worth of the spending, and consumer has a range of alternatives to chose from, companies too have come out with innovative ideas to reach out to the consumer with their products and brands. While analysing the rapidly changing marketing scene, Peircy (2002) terms the emerging scenario as complex, confusing, and paradoxical. The mobile phone market is full of alternatives available with whole lot of features at attractive prices. This has led to a state where mobile phone compan ies are trying to include as many features into the small gadget and convert it into a workstation or computer which can be used for talking, listening radio programmes, watching movies, storing mp3 songs and of course in the form of a phone as well. At times, it appears the advertisements tend to confuse a general customer, with so many brands around. It is indeed a very difficult choice for an average consumer to be able to figure out his/her exact needs and look for the appropriate gadget. How advertising helps or complicates toward facilitating such choices is what matters for the ad-makers worldwide. 4. Aims and Objectives My project shall aim to test the following -