Comparison: Buddhism And Jainism

Comparison Buddhism And Jainism1) There are numerous similarities and many differences surrounded by Buddhism and Jainism. To begin, we will start by discussing the similarities in both. In Jainism and Buddhism rather than having a beau ideal or creator there is a teacher. Both religions do not accept the permanent power of God as the creator of the world. Buddha and the give-up the ghost of the 24 thirthankaras (mahavira) spread their experience of finding liberation to communities and people began to follow. In Buddhism there was the development of sangha through Buddhas other(a) disciples it allowed anyone to adapt to his teaching and as for Jainism it does not formally recognize the caste system. Therefore, followers came from all castes and levels of society. Another similarity is the concept of living in a nonviolent way. The first teaching of Buddhism is to abstain from violence and protect all life. All things have a living spirit. In Jainism, nonviolence is not simply about cosmos abusive or to people rather it is to not be destructive toward nature and all living things. Like Buddhists, Jains believe that our actions fascinate the future course of our current life, and of our lives to come. Both religions agree that finale is a natural process of life and want to reach a state of nirvana or liberation. However, there are differences in both religions. For instance, in Jainism the soul exists everywhere, not only in living beings, but in inanimate objects as well. The soul in Jainism reaches it s highest state when the soul liberates itself from the bondage of karmas. But Buddhism holds completely dissimilar views. Karma in Buddhism, defines our actions of body and speech, and mind. Things we choose to do or verbalise or think set karma into motion. The law of karma is a law of cause and effect. According to Buddhism, soul is not a permanent it is ever changing. Therefore, a individual must follow the noble eightfold path to reach liberatio n. Jains believe that karma is a form of matter which is not simply the effect of ones actions, but a real substance that runs into each individual body. When particles of karma attach to a life it will affect that soul. This karmic substance remains with a being until good sell and self purification eliminates them. Another difference between both religions would be the choice of food. In Jainism you must be a vegetarian and Buddhism it is a choice you feces make whether or not you can be carnivore or be a vegetarian. Hence, there is similarities in Buddhism and Jainism where there is no creator or perfection but rather a teacher. In addition, there are no caste systems in both religions, there is a concept of living in a non-violent way and want to reach liberation. Nevertheless, both religions have a different perspective on soul and karma.2) There are many differences between Buddhism and Hindooism. Buddhism is a non-theistic religion which means that they sense spiritual re ality without a personal deity or deities. There is a unmarried founder in Buddhism which was known as Siddhartha Gautama also known as Buddha. Buddha does not identify on images of unseen reality. In other words only believe in what you can physically see. Buddha is a teacher not a god. Unlike Hinduism, which is theistic religion that practices the worship of many gods, Hinduism is formed of various traditions and has no single founder. The feeling is that the celestial has innumerable forms. Buddha taught by accepting how we build di attempt for ourselves we can become liberated. When he first experienced the world he became discourage and went on to preach that life is full of grief and suffering. He wanted to find liberation for suffering and emphasizes on sufferings in the existing world. The Hindu last scriptures Upanishads recognize that suffering is a natural part of the human state. It takes the suffering in human life and places it to previous karma or actions of the hum an being. Hinduism does not stress suffering as much as Buddhism rather they set greater stress on the bliss enjoyed on experiencing on a coming unneurotic with God or the Self. Since we are all an emergence of God, bliss is a fundamental part of our nature. The Upanishads stressed on this experience of bliss to inspire the Hindu devotees to experience Moksha- liberation. In addition, Buddhism does not follow the Brahmanic tradition like Hinduism. Buddhism withdraws the ideas of eternal self or soul (Atman) and eternity or transcendent reality (Brahman) this watch separates it from Hinduism. The goal to Buddhism is to reach nirvana, enlightenment and the end of suffering. Buddhism believes in reaching nirvana through the four noble truths and eightfold path. Unlike Buddhism there are many ways like yoga (Jnana, Karma, Raja and Bhakti) to reach liberation in Hinduism. Reincarnation is another factor in Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, it is said that the soul continues after dea th and goes into another body. The soul can rebirth into animals or plants depending on the karma. Unlike, In Theravada Buddhism, there is the principle of anatta, or no soul, which states there is no continuing being that carries on from one life to the next. Therefore, rebirths are not handed out but are simply the natural results of good or bad endeavors.

Colgate-Palmolive PEST and Porters 5 Analysis

Colgate-Palmolive swearing and Porters 5 AnalysisJump to PEST Analysis of Colgate Porters 5 Forces Analysis of ColgateIntroductionCompanies seeking to gain a competitive advantage in todays milieu, where competition is very tough where technological improvement have pushed study companies forward argon in need of a dodge development process. By using several capabilities like creativity and originality, companies nates come up with a number of options and possibilities that can be utilise while building a strong strategic plan. Today, Companies should develop the sense of controlling and monitoring of processes, nothing should be left at random, because heavy losings can incurred.Many thinkers have argued that a strong strategy should consider three important factors (3C) Customers, Competencies and Competition. To begin with customers, companies should be able to distinguish amidst animate customers and potential customers in addition, they have to ensure customers needs f or a come apart profitability. Competencies are perhaps the most important tool in this chain, it can tramp the companys stock index or lead it to bankruptcy, and its by recognizing multi-skilled peopletrained and capable in a large variety of skills or activities that companies can fly the coop on the adventure. Finally, competition is no longer a concept to be defined or explained, its becoming a double-edged sword for companies in a world where the number of firms is growing exponentially.Analysis of the areas cited above is interconnected. Who you select as your target group will have consequences on capabilities you require, which will have an jar on what the competition policy which will pressure who you choose as your target group.Furthermore, a well structured strategic analysis will score to brighter more significant goals, and a more safe future as companies are better aware of possible scourges that whitethorn happen. They may be alike known as (External Environmen tal analysis), its may be seen as the connection between going in the right track and making the appropriate decisions, a kind of trade-off established by the company.Its through strategic analysis that systems are capable of encouraging funders for future perspectives. Funders are more likely to go for donations or loans, in shimmy of strategic analysis milieu, to enlarge the gap between the organization and its competitors. In the other hand, not considering at least a little amount of strategic analysis means losing opportunities called also (opportunity cost). A left behind status can be clenched in case of ignoring strategic analysis.BNET Business Dictionary defines the strategic analysis as the way of conducting researches on the external environment or business environment where the organization performs and on the organization in the purpose of drawing a strategy. In the other hand, Professor Les Worrall thinks that strategic analysis is a fair understanding of organizat ion surrounding, it takes into considerateness the interrelation between the firm and its environment to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness, by increasing the organizations capacity to deploy and redeploy its resources intelligently.Many studies have been conducted in this field, they may have suggested different definitions of strategic analysis but three important characteristics are comm only when linked with itIdentification and evaluation of important data to strategy elaboration.Recognition of both external and internal environment to be considered.Multiple analytical rules that can be used in the analysis.Examples of analytical systems used in strategic analysis includeValue chain analysisFour corners analysisEarly warning scansWar gamingPEST analysis and Porters louvre forces analysisAnalytical tools are meant to ensure the sustainability and reliability of the analysis proposed. Analytical methods are worldwide used and understood, they have reached a mature state where each organization can use them to better work However, while dealing with the analytical methods, companies should keep in mind some considerationsThe tool or method should be able to answer question that may be raised by the organization.The benefit coming from using any tool or method should be clearly defined and stated. To ensure a successful analysis, organization need to go forward a great understanding of the tool used.The tools proposed are em precedented if there is collaboration as input with other people surrounding the company, in addition, time should be allocated to people concerned so they have the analysis.Every member of the organization must be aware that the use of any analysis tool is time and effort consuming, decision-making board and stockholders ,in the implementation phase, should be flexible and provide the necessary to complete the project.The objective of using an analytical tool is to go deeply in the analysis and to ensure a better approach more balanced and methodical. In addition, all analytical tools are using historical data, they rely on past data to better understand futures wants. Moreover, results coming from the analysis should be interpreted with caution or the analysis may lead to an influenced result, due to pressures, which look for a particular strategy. unmatchable of the important competencies of an analyst is to understand which tool or technique is most appropriate in the context.Colgate PalmoliveNature of BusinessColgate-Palmolive is generating benefits from manufacturing and selling shampoo and toothpaste , 80% and 15% respectively. The be is mete outd between home care fruits (softeners).Colgate-Palmolive is the leader in the domestic securities industry on the shampoo and the second on the toothpaste.The battle for market share with competitors is atShampoo with brands such as Head shoulders / PanteneToothpaste with brands such as SignalCPM Company is present in several markets of c onsumer goods. Indeed its wide product range covers both Personal Care as the Home Care.Colgate-Palmolive operates in the market of Oral Care through Tonigencyl and Colgate toothpaste and Colgate toothbrushes. In addition the Company has a strong presence in the market with shampoo brandsCadum, Alert and Palmolive.Colgate HistoryIn 1806, Mr. Colgate William, a soap and candle maker, opened a shop where he sold candle and soap and multiple cosmetics in New York under the name William Colgate Company. In the 1840s, the company started to sell energetic bars for uniform weights. In 1857, His son took over,, when his father Samuel Colgate passed away , the company was renamed as Colgate Company under the management of Samuel Colgate, his son.In Milwaukee, B.J. Johnson Company was producing a special and famous soap by mixing only palm and olive, the formula used was developed by B.J. Johnson in 1898. The soap was very popular, thanks to the recipe originality, and took the name of Pal m-Olive (Palmolive)Between 1928 and 1953 umteen changes occurred, they are summarized belowThe merging of Peet Brothers with Palmolive to become Palmolive-Peet.Palmolive-Peet bought Colgate company form Samuel Colgate to create the Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company.(1928)In 1953, the company changed its to the current name Colgate-Palmolive Company.Colgate-Palmolive has been competing with the worlds largest soap and detergent producer for decades. later on the World War II, PG had decided to a launch a diversified range of products under the name of TIDE, many consumers turned to this new products when they used to steal Colgate-Palmolive Products. Moreover, the company faced another challenge when PG decided to add Fluoride in the toothpaste an achievement never done before, due to this fact, Colgate-Palmolive lost his first place in the toothpaste market. To compete with Procter and Gamble, CP(Colgate-Palmolive) have used television(new invention at that time)and decided to spons or some shows so they can regain their market share against PG.In 2006, Colgate-Palmolive has mean to acquire the major part of Toms of Maine, a pioneer in the natural toothpaste maker, for US $100M. Today, Colgate-Palmolive has a number of plants and subsidiaries around the world, more than 200 countries are using Colgate-Palmolive Products.Colgate Palmolive ValuesOur three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything we doValuing Colgate PeopleBecoming the Best Place to WorkColgate strategic analysisPEST AnalysisNowadays, to ensure a sustainable, competitive and successful company, managers and board of executives has to cope and operate within a rigorous macro-environment that is shaped by influences of different factors. These factors can emerge from many sources The overall economy, population, governmental legislations and regulations, societal values, new technologies.All of these represent relevant factors that can have a giga ntic impact on all the decisions the company makes concerning its direction, business model, objectives, strategy and thus, the ability to impact on the companys overall situation. Now that we have understood the importance and the impact that an external environment can have on a businesss situation, its compulsory to sort those factors into categories and assess their importance to the business.After assessing their importance, external factors can be categorized into 4 major assemblies by using the PEST or PESTLE Analysis.(P)olitical FactorsThe first letter in the acronym refers to Political factors and they are issues that affect the way of doing business. They can be transaction policies imposed by the government or the political stability of the country in which business is conducted. Political issues can also be related to taxes and toil laws imposed by the government and labour unions. They can also be regulations directed to maintain a fair competition on honourable ster n between rivals in any industry and prevent abusive actions. Moreover, the political factors can also be regulations put by the government to protect the environment in which the company is operating. This type of regulations can for example be linked to pollution issues or standard quality of their products or services that will be directed to their clients.(E)conomical FactorsThe second letter in the acronym refers to Economical factors and they are subjects related to the overall situation and stage of growth of the economy. These factors need to be taken into consideration for the impact they can have on the operations of a business. Managers need to assess the home economy situation and trends. Furthermore, they need also to keep an substance on changes in taxation of products services. They also need to look at the driving forces of the economy such as the purchasing power of their target market and consumer preferences and also to unemployment and wages levels. If the comp any is involved in foreign trade, managers have to consider the tariffs and exchange rates as well as the import and export ratios applied in that country.(S)ocio-Cultural FactorsThe third letter of the acronym refers to Socio-Cultural factors that any company has to consider the point of view of the general public. The publics opinion and attitude toward the companys products is also important because it plays a core role in building the image within the different constituencies. Companies also have to be in permanent contact with the media by musical composition press releases or opening its doors to build brand image that is known by everybody. Socio-Cultural factors can relate also to issues raised in advertising campaigns and promotion or by participating in major events to show their part of social responsibility. Social factors also include diversity of their work force employed. Companies exact disabled and elderly people to get them integrated within the society. Finall y, companies need to respect and take into account ethical issues no to offend any minority in the society.(T)echnological FactorsThe last letter of the acronym refers to Technological factors. These factors have changed the way businesses operate. By introduction of all these technologies, companies are able to conduct their operations much soft with a better performance. Technology participated in the improvement of many aspects since it was introduced at all levels of the business, from selection process to productivity and research and development. (Jana F. Kuzmicki, 2007)Porters five analysisGaining index finger of SuppliersOne of the five forces which Porter formulated for an organization to look into in modulate to form a competitive advantage is gaining power of suppliers. The global reach and diverse portfolio of assets attract numerous investors. Colgate-Palmolive and other major competitors are both viewed by investors as home and oral care companies which have conside rable official investment strengths. Most often the comparison is always with PG. Although, Colgate-Palmolive is viewed by many as at par with its competitors, yet, what was lacking in their management is the lack of perceived differentiation which somehow impaired the investment decision-making process. Moreover, even though Colgate-Palmolive has no strategy that is unique or differentiating relative to the other companies, the threat of bargaining power of suppliers is low due to partnership, supply chain management, training, and dependency.Bargaining Power of CustomersCustomers are the lifeblood of the business. The existence and growth of a business company is dependent on customers. CP (Colgate-Palmolive) is lot globally with 25 million customers a day in over 200, 000 plant around the globe. There is a cohesive loyalty among buyers and sellers of energy in Colgate-Palmolive for several reasons like the attractive incentives and value added, partnering and supply chain manag ement. Moreover, investors and stakeholders expressed their satisfaction on the services offered by the company. Again, this can be reflected on the 2001 case study interview which was recorded verbatim, in which two elements emerged fundamental to the satisfaction of customers applied science and its diversified presence. One owns Colgate-Palmolive because of its strong diversified presence and good technology while another one noted that it is because it is cheaper, yet with a high quality of products and high returns over the course of the cycle compared to other major companies. Moreover, significantly noted were two comments. On one hand, the reasons why many were satisfied with the performance because of its huge asset base, financial and political clout that was why they successfully covered operations in places like China, Russia, and the Middle East. On the other hand, CPs management restructuring that trim costs focus on profitability, financial correction and its way for shares repurchase.Threat of New EntrantsIn the home and oral care industry primarily on the soap and natural products and reserves, the companies management strategy reduced the friction of threat among its new competitors in the business by increasing minimum efficient scales of operations, its cohesive and good status with suppliers/distributors, retaliation tactics, protection of blank space and establishing a competitive and trustful image to its customers.Moreover, the role of advanced technology set them at par with other entrants in the business. In 2001, technology had distinguish CP from its competitors. Leadership in promising toothpaste from satisfying to gel technology that delivers new brushing sensations. There reputation was leveraged in order to establish a solid foundation against threats of the new entrants. The leverage of their reputation is build solidly on their total strengths both tangible and intangible like technology, products, adherence to business ethics, mark of conduct, and corporate social responsibility that encourages consumers to brand loyalty.Threat of SubstitutesThe threats of substitutes in which customers switch product references are primarily caused by several external and internal factors. One of the factors in which customers tend to switch their preferences is the price cost of a product. If a product raises its cost value, customers may have a second thought of cohesive into as his/her preference therefore, the tendency is that the shift and switch of preference occurred. Most often, in this kind of business like marketing an energy reserves, the threat of switch of customers come in the instability of a price. The price cost of a product if it increases due to social and political factors, it stand to be a threat for the company. However, the Colgate-Palmolive good strategy like increasing switching costs, alliances, customer surveys to learn about their preferences, accentuated differences and the entran ce of substitute market, these reduced the threat of substitutes.Competitive Rivalry between existing playersIn any business price competition is significant because it attracts customers, the less you price a product, the more customers you gain, yet, in competitive rivalry, in order to reduce it, avoidance to price competition is necessary in which the Colgate-Palmolive observed. Their competition is not on price but on how to manage strategy that would outgo leverage a product. CP uses different strategies to market their product and be competitive. Their differentiation and different segmentation of their products set an edge for them, moreover, their healthy communication with competitors contribute positively to the competition. The competition should not be taken personally but a matter of business and professional work.Colgate-Palmolive has a competitive advantage not only due to the facts mentioned above but on the ability of managing the whole process of the business. Goo d financial management and diversified course of business bring them commodious customers and stakeholders.

Experienced Negative Life Events

Experienced Negative living EventsProposition no. 6 which states that A soul who experienced blackball manners events quarter salve be adequate to key rational eudaimonia relates to axiom 2 Positive and negative vivification events affect psychological well universe and axiom 3 (A mentally healthy person functions effectively thus feels happy and quelled) since it implies that using appropriate make out and adaptation skills against the many negative conduct events, meek, major or extreme life events, the sure-enough(a) person still has a great determine attaining mental welf atomic number 18, to be able to function normally despite physical and cognitive turn therefore making the erstwhile(a) person happy and satisfied.During the normal process of aging, the of age(p) batch encounter stressors or negative life events that may trigger both appropriate and distorted emotional responses. Two of the most stressful unplanned life events include declines in h ealth and loss of loved ones. It may result to distress and a sense of helplessness collect to physical deterioration in function, such(prenominal) as blurred vision and hearing difficulty allowance account and difficulty after retirement, resulting to loss of financial independence, feeling of emptiness for lack of life goal, etc. well-disposed isolation, and feelings of out of touch with the world owing to the rapid changing environment loss of confidence and self worth misconception that family members and society no longer regard as them and a sense of loneliness as expectant children leave the family. In addition, chronic strains may also impact the older adult for example, strains within the community, in relationships, or in the older persons immediate environment argon all stressors. Most older deal are able to adapt to these careens and swan their benefit by utilizing and organizing their personal and environmental resources. These include coping skills, social s upport, and maintaining a sense of control.A mentally healthy older adult has the qualification to interact positively with internal and external environment, can adapt and fill out up from the negative life events. As the World Health Organization (2001) defines mental health as the state of well- be in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities. He can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruit amplyy, and is able to make a contri andion to his or her community (Tameside and Glossop, 2011).According to Ebersole, et.al (2004), it is difficult to define mental health of an senior(a) because the differentiation of personality throughout the life span is escalating which may have resulted to idiosyncratic and some eras eccentric adaptation in late life. As the person grows older, faced with particular situations, it accentuates a trusted aspect of personality and appearance which make the person uniquely himself because he is strengthened wi th the accumulation of life experiences. much(prenominal) personality characteristics maybe negative wish being crusty, disagreeable, grouchy or grumpy which is how invariably considered adaptive. A wakeless example would be a cantankerous old man who utilizes his coping skills against with his heavy illness and stoically protecting realizeer(a)wises from awareness of his pain might be manifesting a mentally healthy person. Therefore, Ebersole, et.al (2004) best described mental health in elderly as being measured by the capacity to cope effectively with relationships and environment and by the rejoicing experience in doing so. If the environment provides the capableness for mental health, then the only criterion for mental health is the persons response to the environment.The same con nonation given by Zanden, et.al (2000) as he identified 2 (2) elements of mental health namely (1) From a social perspective, mental health involves quite a littles ability to function effec tively in their social roles and to carry out the requirements of class brio (2) From a psychological perspective, mental health involves a internal sense of well being such as merriment, contentment and satisfaction.Moreover, the qualitative theatre of operations of Moyle, et.al (2010) about Older people maintaining mental well-being through resiliency is a good example of a mentally healthy older adult who is able to man jump on and cope well with the adversities. The older people in the study identified their negative life changes categorized by the following four-spot themes 1) Social Isolation and Loneliness, 2) Social worth, 3) Self-determination, and 4) Security. When the researchers asked the older-participants to discuss strategies that they employ to maintain well-being through resilience, their responses were categorized under six themes. These are 1)Keeping active 2)Relationships 3)Community connections 4)Practical coping 5)Emotional coping and 6) Spiritual copin g.Physical activities, mentally stimulating activities and sumful activities are the identified activities of the participants inorder to be always active which enhance mental health and well-being. They stateed guardianship mentally active through continued learning, new interests or novel activities, as well as mentally stimulating games and through volunteering. Older people also identified that the more challenging activities can enhance well-being by giving a sense of accomplishment and achievement. A nonher approach which the participants verbalised is being involved and maintaining healthy family contacts because this relationships could enhance well-being in older people just like the active and frequent presence of grandchildren. In addition, when participants matt-up able, pickings on a caregiving role was some other way maintaining well-being through relationships. The other strategy reveals the strength of community connections for maintaining well-being. Older peop le report that their health is maintained through continued and constant contact with all senesce groups and members of the community. For many participants, the key is to interact as part of the wider community and not isolating oneself according to age group. Another category of approaches used by older people in order to maintain well-being were those which used functional based coping strategies to minimize the effects of aging on well-being. The participants reported using practical focused coping strategies such as setting goals or planning for the future. This also includes financial planning and creating budgets to maintain financial security. While for other participants, actively minimizing responsibilities is one way to maintain well-being.Utilizing emotional coping strategies is another approach to enhance mental eudaimonia. While distraction and occupation were considered to be important ways of maintaining wellbeing others reported altering goals or standards accord ing to ones age as a way to maintain well-being. Comments frequently centered on being realistic and reasonable when considering the limitations and expectations of later life. For others not focusing on age and acceptance of older age were key approaches to assist in sustained well-being. However an important aspect of acceptance was not to give up on doing things that are enjoyable because of aging such as to think positively or maintain a sense of humor. The final approach highlights spiritual strategies used by some older people in order to maintain well-being. In a study of quality of life and Jewish older people in South Africa, over half of the participants felt that as they grew older, religion played an increasingly important role in their lives.Self-concept as listed in mesmerism no. 4 is an important factor that would help view the negative life events positively resulting to better coping skills. Self-concept is also evident when older person comments on major events i n his life, he was engaging in a special form of reminiscence called life review calling up quondam(prenominal) experiences with the goal of achieving greater self-understanding. Older adults who participate in counselor-led life review report increased self-esteem, greater sense of purpose in life, and reduced depression. At the same time, when they relate about themselves, elders have accumulated a sprightliness of self-knowledge, leading to more secure and complex conceptions of themselves. Their autobiographical selves emphasized coherence and consistency, despite physical, cognitive, and occupational changes. So when an older adult who shows firm and multifaceted self-concept which allowed for self acceptance is a key feature of integrity.Moreover, a flexible, optimistic approach to life, which fosters resilience in the face of adversity, is common in old age. Being resilient, the elderly gain in agreeableness, becoming increasingly generous, acquiescent, and good-natured wel l into late life. agreeableness seem to characterize people who have come to terms with life despite its imperfections- greater acceptance of change an attribute the elderly frequently mention as important to psychological well being. When asked about dissatisfactions in their lives, many older adults respond that they are not unhappy about anything.Acceptance of change is also evident in most elders effective coping with the loss of loved ones, including death of a spouse. The capacity to accept lifes twists and turns, many of which are beyond ones control, is vital for adaptive functioning in late adulthood. Most older adults are resilient, bouncing back in the face of adversity especially if they did so earlier in their lives. And older persons heightened capacity for positive emotion contributes greatly to their resilience (Zanden, 2000).Therefore, if the older adults are recalling past positively revealing a lifetime of self-knowledge, leading to more secure and complex conc eptions of themselves and is resilient have arrived at a sense of integrity and they would feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements. They have adapted to needful triumphs and disappointments and realize that the paths they followed, abandoned, and never selected were necessary for fashioning a messageful life course.Another measure for the older adult to consider inorder to successfully adapt and come negative life events is for him to take initiatives in doing activities. This relates from the study of Steverink, Lindenberg and Slaets (2005) who define taking the initiative as the ability to take initiatives or to be agentic (self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting and self-regulating). This ability, although closely connect to self-efficacy, Deci and Ryan (1995) considered taking the initiative to be a separate ability, because the belief in ones competence is not automatically linked to the motivation to use ones competence. Thus it is hypothesized that taking the initiative with regard to important resources, as opposed to being or feeling passive, dependent or fatalistic, is necessary for the achievement and maintenance of wellbeing. With aging, as a consequence of losses in resources, together with decreasing opportunities and challenges, there may be a decline in the rate and range of self initiated look and an increase in dependency (Baltes 1996). The general construct that has been the focus of most research on this aspect of adaptive demeanor is autonomy vs dependency. For example, it was found that nursing home residents who experienced greater autonomy reported less depression and higher self-esteem, life satisfaction, meaning in life, general health and psychological adjustment (Vallerand and OConnor 1989). Similarly, in nursing home residents, Kasser and Ryan (1999) found out that greater autonomy in daily activities anticipateed decreased mortality over a 1-year period.The initiative of the elderly to be always ac tive and involved in social activities prevent mental depression. This way, it avoids the elderly population from thinking negatively and becoming pessimistic which contributes to health problems especially mental illness. However, the elderly should not limit itself to social activities, but he should be involved in variety of resources called multifunctionality.Well-being is about being emotionally healthy, feeling able to cope with normal stresses, and living a fulfilled life. It can be affected by things like worries about money, work, your home, the people around, and the environment. Well-being is also affected by a feeling of having control of your life, feeling involved with people and communities, and feelings of anxiety and isolation (Coggins Cooke, 2004). Axiom number 2 stresses then that there are multifunctional resources/factors, internal or external that would invite the person to reach and attain mental wellbeing.Nieboer, A. Lindenberg, S. (n.d.) described multifu nctional resources as the resources or activities or factors that serve multiple aspects of wellbeing (e.g. social and physical wellbeing) simultaneously and in a mutually reinforcing way. Because of this mutual reinforcement, multifunctional resources are of special importance for the realization of wellbeing. Therefore, the ability to maintain or regain multifunctional resources is important for wellbeing in ageing. A spouse, for instance, is often a multifunctional resource. Interacting with a spouse fulfills the need for affection, and at the same time fulfills the need for activation. Another example of multifunctionality is having dinner (fulfilling the need for food) with friends (fulfilling the need for affection). With aging added by Riley and Riley (1994), there may be a decline in multifunctional resources and activities, collect to the loss of a partner or close friend, and also because of a decrease in opportunities to participate in occupational and other formal setti ngs. Such settings often offer opportunities for multifunctionality through interaction with colleagues and by performing tasks that yield reinforcing physical and social rewards. Because multifunctional resources or activities are hypothesized to yield more overall wellbeing than unifunctional activities or resources, the loss of these opportunities is therefore expected to have a particularly negative impact on wellbeing. Moreover, it is often hard to substitute or plow the loss of a multifunctional resource. For instance, the loss of a spouse and subsequent widowhood, which is a common experience in later life especially for women, often has a broad impact on different aspects of wellbeing, because the loss of the spouse often involves the loss of other relationships as well. Other empirical evidence for the importance of multifunctional resources or activities for overall wellbeing is found in studies that show both higher directs of wellbeing and increased longevity in older people who remain socially active and productive (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). However, it is believed that if these multifunctional resources and strategies have been taught and develop at an early stage then obtaining mental wellbeing would not be difficult to attain. An elderly who has a loving, close family relationship and full support from them from childhood to adulthood, the elderly allow for have a positive outlook in life thus living a fulfilled, happy and contented and complete life will eventually reach the stage of integrity hence attain mental wellbeing.Investment of doings is another factor inorder to attain mental wellbeing. This relates to the famous adage which states continue doing good because in the end you will reap a harvest full of blessings would also mean doing something good in your life even in the earlier stage of life is an investment behavior which resulted to increase longevity. The investigation do by Steverink, Lindenberg and Slaets (2005), found that the investment of behavior is important for achieving stability in resources and the maintenance of wellbeing in the longer term. Therefore, it is hypothesized that a certain amount of investment behavior is important for the realization and maintenance of wellbeing, even with increasing age and a declining time-horizon. Without investment behavior there will be a decline in resources and wellbeing. With aging, this ability may decline as a consequence of a decreasing time-horizon and the loss of external resources and opportunities. It has, indeed, been found that older individuals become ever more present-oriented, and have a less extended future perspective than younger people in general. Yet, when older individuals are able to maintain a certain amount of investment behavior, this clearly will have a positive effect on their overall wellbeing. For example, proactive prevention activities in older people have positive consequences for longevity, as well as for indicators of subjective wellbeing. Although there are only a few studies that have investigated investment behavior in aging individuals, other studies have closely examined related aspects of future orientation and planning in older people. It has been found that older people who maintain a future orientation, and also plan for the future, report higher levels of life satisfaction (Prenda and Lachman 2001). Moreover, Isaacowitz and Seligman (2002) supported that a positive future orientation was found to predict affective adaptation (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.).Furthermore, there are more coping and adaptation strategies that can be used inorder to attack negative life events as reflected in axiom 2.The measures/strategies discussed previously were indeed a good tips inorder to maintain mental health more especially if the older adult is optimistic, with positive self-concept and self-esteem, he can easily face the negative life events with confidence, happy and contentment. Axiom no. 3 (A ment ally healthy person functions effectively thus feels happy and satisfied) will never be difficult to attain if the elderly views aging positively despites its cognitive and physical decline, this will never be a hindrance inorder to attain happiness and life satisfaction as measurements of mental wellbeing. It was never true that attaining mental wellbeing means having no diagnosed illness nor physical disabilities, what is important is the culture of ones potential, work productively and creatively, how strong and positive relationships are built with others, and how to contribute something to the economy. As Baltes Baltes (1990) accentuates that successful aging, is not based on denial of real losses in functioning in the last stage of life but rather it encourages older people to optimize the capacities that remain while compensating for inevitable losses. A report of Mroczek Kolarz (1998), documented that older adults do not appear unhappier compared to middle-aged or younger persons even though they experienced declines in physical health, deaths of peers and spouses, and other objective rigors that accompany aging (Baltes Baltes, 1990 Brandtstadter Greve, 1994 Filipp, 1996 Staudinger, Fleeson, Baltes, 1998). As a result of hardships in life, it was expected that they would have lower levels of happiness but it was not so. Their well-being seems to be unaffected by the adverse contexts brought on by the aging process (Borgatta Fbss, 1979 Cameron, 1975 Haug, Belkgrave, Gratton, 1984 Herzog, Rodgers, Woodworth, 1982 Larson, 1978 Schulz, 1985). Also, Zanden, et.al (2000) cited that Erikson during his late adulthood, demonstrated a life of ego integrity. At age 87, he continued to publish books relating to old age, his last work found out that some older adults live hopeful, productive lives, despite failing health and weather eye while others were relatively robust, although sometimes giving in to loneliness, narcissism, and despair (Woodward, 1994 ). The Social proceeds Function (SPF) conjecture explains the two (2) types of older adults. According to the theory, success in obtaining the goals of affection, behavioral confirmation and status for social well-being, and comfort and stimulation for physical well-being resulted to subjective wellbeing. People have their own multiple means for achieving these goals by using a variety of means or resources simultaneously, should there be a case in which their goals cannot be achieved, they will build buffers against the loss of subjective wellbeing, although people have differences in buffer formation but people are resourceful in substituting across different life-domains and different forms of well-being. This is affirm from the study of Steverink (2001) among older adults (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). Relating it to the observation of Erikson some older adults though relatively robust but still give in to loneliness, narcissism and despair, this maybe due to how they deal with their negative life events, how they make use of their coping and adaptation skills, or their buffer system or multifunctionality resources.The implication of the above scenarios portray that the negative life events were never considered as obstacles in attaining mental wellbeing. When appropriate skills are used in attacking adversities in life, there is a great chance of achieving happiness and life satisfaction. As Field (2009) expresses in his words mental wellbeing is not simply as having absence of diagnosed illness, disability or dissatisfaction but the individual essential acquire social qualities of confidence, optimism about the future, a sense of influence over ones own destiny, and the social competences that promote satisfying and supportive relationships with other people. It also critically involve the resilience needed to deal with hard times whenever they occur inorder to function effectively so that by then happiness and life satisfaction are possible to reach. Therefore, mental wellbeing involve happiness or contentment, caring for and about others, and the capacity for creative and productive work.Theory GeneratedAs the individuals grow old, people encounter challenges, stresses or adversities in life such as negative life events, it maybe in the form of major, minor or extreme life events. These life events have great impact to the lives of every individual especially on the desire of achieving functioning effectively, happiness and satisfaction or otherwise known as Mental Well being during the late stage of the peoples lives. The theory on Attainment of Mental Wellbeing is being developed because of the belief that despite those negative life events, the individual still manages to adapt and cope from those stressful events thus function effectively and shall have satisfied and happy lives. However, there is no best formula in attaining mental well being because it is believed that there are factors that will act as a barrier in attai ning mental wellbeing and at the same time there are also factors that would help mold the individual to have good mental health in order for the person to be fully develop in combating against those negative life events.The study is anchored on the Social Production Function (SPF) Theory which will explain why people is still fairly satisfied with their lives even when they lack important resources such as a paid job or a spouse (Nieboer Lindenberg, n.d.). The same observations made by Erikson when he interviewed older Americans because he found out that some older adults opted to be lonely, narcissistic and desperate though they are relatively in good health. SPF theory asserts subjective wellbeing is ordered hierarchically. The general general goals which are at the top Overall subjective wellbeing consists of physical and social wellbeing then followed by universal instrumental goals (for social well-being, three universal instrumental goals are specified status, behavioral co nfirmation, and affection and for the production of physical well-being, two universal instrumental goals have been distinguished comfort and stimulation (Wippler 1990)) and the last-place level is the layers of means called resources. In achieving the overall subjective being, one has to work on it, starting from the lowest level inorder to attain the universal goal. If an older person lacks the necessary resources like work, due to retirement, this doesnt mean its the end of the world. The theory suggests that the older person should make use of a buffer system or multifunctionality resources as their coping and adaptation skills. There is still a big chance to achieve the higher goal which is the attainment of mental wellbeing, hence the theory on Attainment of Mental Wellbeing is being developed.The proposed theory on Attainment of Mental Wellbeing is applicable to all individuals across several lifespan, specifically, among the institutionalized older adults in Por Cristo and i n the city and provincial jails (elderly inmates) of Butuan City. The theory suggests basing on the SPF theory, that inorder to battle against their negative life events will make use first of the lowest level of resources before going up to the next level until they will be able to attain mental wellbeing. The theory further suggests that these resources are factors that would affect or influence the person on the extent of his effort, belief, perceptions, coping and adaptation skills towards the attainment of his mental wellbeing.This theory will be tested to determine if the following propositions are true among the institutionalized older adults in Por Cristo and in the city and provincial jails (elderly inmates) of Butuan CityProposition 1 Mental wellbeing is an optimistic person.Proposition 2 Parents and families have important role in the early initiation of secure attachment to the life of a child influences in the attainment of mental wellbeing across life span.Proposition 3 Several factors and/or resources that work collaboratively inorder to help promote in the attainment of mental well being.Proposition 4 A person with healthy self-concept and positive self-esteem towards life events can attain mental wellbeing.Proposition 5 A person who fully understands the meaning of life with strong sense of spirituality has attained mental wellbeing.Proposition 6 A person experienced negative life events can still be able to attain mental wellbeing using better coping skills and adaptationConceptual FrameworkThe proposed theory on attainment of mental wellbeing is taken from the idea related to the effect of life events towards the attainment of mental wellbeing and in which there are several factors that will influence the process in the attainment of the goal.Figure 1 illustrates the schematic diagram on the proposed theory called the theory of attainment of mental wellbeing. It shows the independent and dependent variables. Life events surrounded with the i nfluencing factors signify the independent variables, while the effect called the dependent variable is the attainment of mental wellbeing.Mental wellbeing or wellbeing is defined as a dynamic state, in which the individual is able to develop their potential, work productively and creatively, build strong and positive relationships with others, and contribute to their economy (Foresight Report, 2008) while mental health is a state of wellbeing in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can workATTAINMENT OF genial WELLBEINGproductively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (Word Health Organization, 2007). Both mental health and wellbeing is the core elements of the over-all health which means if his health condition is marked with alteration in thinking, mood or behavior resulting to either distress, impairs ability to function or both (U.S. part of Health and Human Services) is a manif estation that the older person has not attained mental wellbeing which might result to mental health problems such as depression, suicide, etcThere are two (2) elements of mental health namely (1) From a social perspective, mental health involves peoples ability to function effectively in their social roles and to carry out the requirements of group living (2) From a psychological perspective, mental health involves a subjective sense of well being such as happiness, contentment and satisfaction. Therefore, mental wellbeing is measured in terms of functioning effectively, happiness and contentment or life satisfaction.However, attaining mental wellbeing is not an easy journey because all of us will always encounter different life events. Life events are described as a portentous occurrence involving a relatively abrupt change that may produce serious and long-lasting effects. It is considered as stressor in the life of a person because the demands on the person exceed the resources available to meet those demands (Schwarzer, Schulz Berlin, 2001). For older adults, it will be in a form of retirement, death of a spouse or children or friends, lost of income, change of living environment, etc These life events can threaten the wellbeing of an individual thats why life events are most often considered as obstacles in reaching the goals. However, depends on the persons capability to face the different life events.The influencing factors that will help attain mental wellbeing can be in form of intrinsic and extrinsic or promotive and preventive factors. Intrinsic factors are the core characteristics needed inorder to easily attain mental wellbeing, such as optimism, self-concept, self-esteem, meaning of life and spirituality. These core characteristics help the individual views the life events positively and produce a direct effect on the attainment of mental wellbeing such as optimism, self-concept, self-esteem, meaning in life spirituality. While the promotive and preventive factors refer to the environmental factors which has indirect effect in the attainment of mental wellbeing, this includes enatic care, like exercise, healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, etc These factors influenced the individual on the proper choice of coping and adaptation skills when faced with life events especially the negative ones. Older adults must continue to engage in activities, socialize, etc despite their health condition right now.Problem GeneratedThe study aimed to determine the life stories of institutionalized older adults relating to the essence of mental well being in relation to the different life events they encountered. Specifically, it sought answers from the following problemsTo identify the significant life events they encountered from childhood up to the present and how they cope up and adapt with that experiences.To determine the different factors that influence their mental wellbeing causing them to be able to surpassed their negative lif e events.To explore the essence of mental well being and if they have attained it despite the condition/situation of their life right now.

The Basel Convention - Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal :: Politics Environment Environmental

The Basel blueprint on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their DisposalAbstractOn March 22, 1989, leading from 105 nations unanimously adopted the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal. The Basel Convention is the first international convention to control the export of baseless and other wastes. Since the Convention celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1999, it is an appropriate time for an appraisal of how the Basel Convention has affected international trade of equivocal waste. To fully understand the Basel Convention and its ramifications, it is first critical to comprehend the damage caused by hazardous waste. Second, an analysis of the Basel Convention and its criticisms be explored. Next, an examination of the Basel Ban and its significance are presented. Then, the implications for recycling in relation to the Basel Ban are discussed. Finally, trine important lessons to take from the con vention are provided. It is a grave abuse and an offence against the solidarity of benignity when industrial enterprises of rich countries profit from the weak economies and legislation of poorer countries by exporting dirty technologies and wastes which degrade the environment and health of the population.--- Pope John Paul II, October 22, 1993 On March 22, 1989, after 18 months of intense negotiations, leaders from 105 nations unanimously adopted a treaty restricting shipments and dumpings of hazardous wastes across national borders. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), is the first international convention to control the export of hazardous industrial wastes (Ruloff, 1989). A driving force behind the convention is the steady increase in international trade of hazardous waste over the outgoing decade. There is a growing number of temptin g, but environmentally questionable waste disposal contracts being offered and taken by nations (Ruloff, 1989). To combat this trend, the convention has three main objectives to reduce transboundary movement of hazardous waste while minimizing their generation to promote the disposal of such wastes as close as possible to their places of declension and to prohibit the shipment of hazardous wastes to countries lacking the legal, administrative, and technical capacity to manage them in an environmentally sound manner. Since the Convention celebrates its 10th anniversary in celestial latitude 1999, it is an appropriate time for an appraisal of how the Basel Convention has effected international trade of hazardous waste.

The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Essay

The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece Problems with format ?From the soonest establishment of Christian churches in Macedonia, Achaia, Epirus, and Crete, to the expansion of the Orthodox Church, Greece has been a formidable landmark for development of Christianity through unwrap the world.? From its arrival to Greece with the first preaching of Paul, the Christian cartel has undergone a unique assimilation into the cultural and philosophical traditions of the Greek people to create a church, visibly distinguishable from all other sects and denomi communitys of Christianity.? Christianity has certainly influenced the nation of Greece.? However, it is safe to say that Greek culture has also had a notable effect on the way its people view Christianity.? The purpose of this paper is to examine the mutually significant and interacting influences of the Christian faith on Greece and of the Greek culture on Christianity. ?From the onset of Paul?s mission to ev angelize the non-Jewish world, it was clear that the ministry to the gentiles would bow out on an entirely different form than that to the Jews.? Where converting the Jews was an issue of convincing a small people, otherwise knowledgeable about the nature of God, that this Jesus was indeed the messiah they had long waited for, preaching to the Gentiles would be a fundamentally different task.? Greek culture, largely influential to the Roman world, was already rich with philosophy, science, art, literature, and political values.? Reaching out to this people that was, in so many ways, far advanced beyond the Hebrew nation, would mean appealing to its philosophy and tradition as a founding for proving Christ?s supremacy.? Greek Christianity was destined to... ...dia of Religion, 6, 95-972 Schaff, Philip (1910).? History of the Christian Church, 1.? WM. B. Weerdmans Publishing Company Michigan.? 3 Beardsley, Monroe C. (1966).? Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present A Short History.? ? University of Alabama twitch University, Alabama.? 4 Carassava, Anthee (2001).? ?Many Greeks praying against John Paul II visit?.? Time Magazine, 157.5 ?Pope Appologizes?.? Christianity Today, 45.? 2001.6 Moschovis, Peter P. (2001).? ?Socialists give Evangelicals some relief?.? Christianity Today, 45.7 Moschovis, Peter P. (1998).? ?Court upholds right to evangelize. Christianity Today, 42.8 ?Greece?s churches divided over ID cards?.? Christian Century, 117.? 2000.? 9 Carassava, Anthee (2000).? ?Greeks debate privacy rights vs. religious identity?.? Christian Science Monitor, 92 (148).

hydropower :: essays research papers

Renewable Energy (Hydropower)The first time hydropower was used was in 1880 to generate 16 lamps at a wolverine chair factory in Grand Rapids Michigan. In the United States, hydroelectric plants opened near Appleton, Wisconsin on the Fox River on September 30, 1882. At that time, the only fuel used to make electricity was coal because of its abundance and low cost. People knew about hydroelectric power only when the only places you could do that is by a water source. Hydropower became more popular when technology could send electricity long distances. To make hydropower, you have to direct mournful water into pipes known as penstock. The swiftly flowing water in big rivers determines the energy produced or waterfalls, like the Columbia River or Niagara Falls. After the mournful water is directed into the penstock, it pushes against the blades in the turbine to spin a generator that produces electricity. The other way to get hydropower is a storage system where water is collected by dams and will direct water into the penstock to turn the generator when the demand for electricity is high. The water being held back by the dam becomes lakes used for yachting and fishing. The rivers beyond the dam become whitewater rafting and kayaking spots. An example of this is the Hoover dam, made in 1936 between Arizona and Nevada. This dam created lake 110 miles long called Lake Mead, offering water sports and fishing. close to all of the hydroelectricity made in the United States is made in nine states, Washington, California, Oregon, New York, Tennessee, South Carolina, South Dakota, Arkansas, and Nevada. Hydropower is an ideal fuel because it is renewable and almost free, having no waste products, and does not pollute the water or air. A negative about hydropower is how it changes the environment and alters the natural habitats. An example of the negative effect on reputation by a dam was when the salmon was blocked from their spawning grounds upstream.

Renaissance Art Essay -- Essays Papers Arts History Papers

Renaissance ArtThe term renaissance, describing the period of European history from the early fourteenth to the late 16th century, is derived from the French word rebirth. This period is described as the revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and an intensified refer with the secular life--interest in humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual. The renaissance period in art history corresponds to the beginning of the great western age of stripping and exploration, when a general desire developed to examine all aspects of nature and the world. Art, during this period, became valued -- not merely as a vehicle for religious and favorable identity, but even more as a mode of personal, aesthetic expression.The term early renaissance characterizes virtually all the art of the 15th century. ahead of time renaissance artist sought to create art forms consistent with the appearance of the natural world and with their experi ence of human personality and behavior. These artists made an effort to go beyond straightforward transcription of nature, to instill the work of art with ideal, intangible qualities, endowing it with a beauty and significance greater and more permanent than that actually erect in nature. Artists such as Donatello in sculpture, Masaccio in painting and Fillipo Brunelleschi in architecture were part of this period. Masaccio for instance gave figures the ?illusion? of live beings when characters and re...